the Greek π, § 15). ܒ݂‎ is made the equivalent of the Greek β, ܕ‎ that of δ, ܟ݂‎ of χ ܦ݂‎ of φ; ܓ݂‎ generally that of γ. Thus for instance ܟ݂ܠܱܡܽܘܣ‎ χλαμύς, ܬ݂ܐܘܪܝܐ‎ θεωρία, ܒ݂ܣܝܠܠܝܘܣ‎ Βασίλειος, ܓ݂ܪܱܡܱܜܺܝܩܹܐ‎ γραμματική, &c. ξ has to be ܟ݁ܣ‎, e. g. ܐܷܟ݁ܣܘܿܪܻܝܱܐ‎ ἐξορία; yet ܟ݂ܣ‎ appears frequently, e. g. East-Syrian ܜܲܟ݂ܣܵܐ τάξις (West-Syrian ܜܶܟ݁ܣܴܐ‎)). Generally speaking we find here too,—especially in words early introduced,—transformations, of a genuine Syrian type, e. g. ܐܷܣܟܹ݁ܡܳܐ‎ σχῆμα, ܐܱܦ݂ܬ݁ܪܴܐ‎ φθορά, ܣܽܘܒ݁ܠܴܐ‎ συμβολή, &c.

Other foreign words too, in individual cases, vary from the rules, as regards R. and Q., e. g. ܦܷܬ݂ܓ݂ܳܡܳܐ‎ "word" (Persian), where one would expect a hard ܓ‎.

Dentals and Sibilants. § 26. A. The ܬ‎ of the Reflexive changes place, according to a common Semitic fashion, with the sibilant immediately following it (as first radical), and is altered into ܜ‎ with ܨ‎, and into ܕ‎ with ܙ‎, thus ܐܷܣܬ݁ܒܹܰܪ‎ (for ܐܷܬ݂ܣܒ݂ܰܪ‎) "was thought", from ܣܒܱܪ‎ "thought"; ܐܷܫܬܒ݂ܺܝ‎ "was taken prisoner", from ܫܒ݂ܳܐ‎; ܐܷܨܜܠܷܒ݂‎ "was crucified", from ܨܠܱܒ݂‎; ܐܷܙܕܰܟܻ݁ܝ‎ "was justified" from ܙܰܟܻ݁ܝ‎.

B. This ܬ‎ is assimilated to a following ܜ‎ and ܬ‎, becoming hard in the process: ܐܷܬ݁ܜܰܫܷܐ‎ (pronounce eṭṭaššē) "was concealed"; ܐܷܬ݁ܬܱ݁ܒܱܪ‎ (written also ܐܷܬ݂ܬܱ݁ܒܱܪ‎, ܐܷܬܬܱ݁ܒܱܪ‎) ettabbar "was broken in pieces"; so too, before a ܕ݁‎ furnished with a full vowel, e. g. ܢܷܬܕ݁ܰܟ݂ܪܴܟ‎ neddakhrākh "remembers thee". A ܕ‎ without a full vowel, on the other hand, here falls away in pronunciation, after the ܬ‎ that has likewise become hard: ܐܷܬܕ݁ܟ݂ܰܪ‎ ette̊khar "remembered"^[1]. A like assimilation takes place, where an initial ܕ‎ or ܬ‎ without a full vowel is pressed by a foregoing prefix upon a following ܕ‎, ܬ‎ or ܜ‎. The ܕ‎ or ܬ‎ is then written hard; ܘܱܕ݁ܕ݁ܡܷܐ‎ "and who is like", ܠܱܕ݁ܕ݂ܰܩܕܩܺܝܢ‎ "to persons or things, however small"; ܘܱܬ݁ܕ݂ܽܘܨ‎ "and thou dost skip"; ܘܱܕ݁ܬ݂ܳܐܶܟ‎ and who abides"; ܘܱܬ݁ܬ݂ܽܘܒ‎ "and repentest, ܘܱܬܳܜܰܫܷܐ‎ "and hidest": and the pronunciation must have been waddāmē, wattūṣ, etc.

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