Solstice

A solstice is an astronomical event that happens twice each year when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky as seen from the North or South Pole. The day of the solstice is either the "longest day of the year" or the "shortest day of the year" for any place on Earth, because the length of time between sunrise and sunset on that day is the yearly maximum or minimum for that place. The name is derived from the Latin words sol (“sun”) and sistere (“to stand still”). During the solstice, the Sun stands still; that is, the seasonal movement of the Sun's path comes to a stop before reversing direction. The “Northern Solstice” occurs in June, when the sun is at its highest point seen from the North Pole. The “Southern Solstice” occurs in December, when the sun is at its highest point seen from the South Pole.

UTC Date and Time of solstices and equinoxes
yearEquinox
Mar[1]		Solstice
June[2]		Equinox
Sept[3]		Solstice
Dec[4]
daytimedaytimedaytimedaytime
2010 2017:32:132111:28:252303:09:022123:38:28
2011 2023:21:442117:16:302309:04:382205:30:03
2012 2005:14:252023:09:492214:49:592111:12:37
2013 2011:02:552105:04:572220:44:082117:11:00
2014 2016:57:052110:51:142302:29:052123:03:01
2015 2022:45:092116:38:552308:20:332204:48:57
2016 2004:30:112022:34:112214:21:072110:44:10
2017 2010:28:382104:24:092220:02:482116:28:57
2018 2016:15:272110:07:182301:54:052122:23:44
2019 2021:58:252115:54:142307:50:102204:19:25
2020 2003:50:362021:44:402213:31:382110:02:19
2021 2009:37:272103:32:082219:21:032115:59:16
2022 2015:33:232109:13:492301:03:402121:48:10
2023 2021:24:242114:57:472306:49:562203:27:19
style="background-color:gold"2024 2003:06:212020:50:562212:43:362109:20:30
2025 2009:01:252102:42:112218:19:162115:03:01
2026 2014:45:532108:24:262300:05:082120:50:09
2027 2020:24:362114:10:452306:01:382202:42:04
2028 2002:17:022020:01:542211:45:122108:19:33
2029 2008:01:522101:48:112217:38:232114:13:59
2030 2013:51:582107:31:112223:26:462120:09:30
2031 2019:40:512113:17:002305:15:102201:55:25
2032 2001:21:452019:08:382211:10:442107:55:48
2033 2007:22:352101:00:592216:51:312113:45:51
2034 2013:17:202106:44:022222:39:252119:33:50
2035 2019:02:342112:32:582304:38:462201:30:42
2036 2001:02:402018:32:032210:23:092107:12:42
2037 2006:50:052100:22:162216:12:542113:07:33
2038 2012:40:272106:09:122222:02:052119:02:08
2039 2018:31:502111:57:142303:49:252200:40:23
2040 2000:11:292017:46:112209:44:432106:32:38
2041 2006:06:362023:35:392215:26:212112:18:07
2042 2011:53:062105:15:382221:11:202118:03:51
2043 2017:27:342110:58:092303:06:432200:01:01
2044 1923:20:202016:50:552208:47:392105:43:22
2045 2005:07:242022:33:412214:32:422111:34:54
2046 2010:57:382104:14:262220:21:312117:28:16
2047 2016:52:262110:03:162302:07:522123:07:01
2048 1922:33:372015:53:432208:00:262105:02:03
2049 2004:28:242021:47:062213:42:242110:51:57
2050 2010:19:222103:32:482219:28:182116:38:29

The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons. In some cultures they mark either the beginning or the middle of summer and winter.

A solargraph taken from the Atacama Desert in the southern hemisphere. This is a long-exposure photograph, with the image exposed facing north for six months from December 2009 until the June 2010 solstice.[5] The sun's path across the sky each day from sunrise to sunset is seen from right to left in this image; the path of the following day runs a little lower, until the day of the winter solstice, whose path is the lowest one in the image. Credit: ESO/R. Fosbury/T. Trygg/D. Rabanus.

June solstice

The June Solstice happens when the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. At the North Pole, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and then begins moving lower. At the moment of the June solstice, the Sun is directly overhead some point on the Tropic of Cancer; this is the furthest north that the subsolar point ever reaches. In the Northern Hemisphere the June solstice is called the Summer Solstice (and marks the longest day of the year), while in the Southern Hemisphere it is called the Winter Solstice (and marks the shortest day of the year). The June Solstice is usually on June 21.

December solstice

The December Solstice happens when the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. At the South Pole, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and then begins moving lower. At the moment of the December solstice, the Sun is directly overhead some point on the Tropic of Capricorn; this is the furthest south that the subsolar point ever reaches. In the Southern Hemisphere the December solstice is called the Summer Solstice (and marks the longest day of the year), while in the Northern Hemisphere it is called the Winter Solstice (and marks the shortest day of the year). The December Solstice is usually on December 21.

Celebrations

While the exact causes were long unknown, the effect (of days getting shorter or longer) was recognised in many ancient cultures. Many of the pre-Christian cultures, like the druidic, the Germanic and the Norse faith therefore celebrated these events as holidays.

When the importance of the old faiths vanished, the Christian religion took over some of the festivities, which were then carried out in the honour of a new (Christian) occasion. For instance, the date of Christmas in the Catholic and Protestant faith is just 3 days away from the December Solstice.

References
  1. Équinoxe de printemps entre 1583 et 2999
  2. Solstice d’été de 1583 à 2999
  3. Équinoxe d’automne de 1583 à 2999
  4. Solstice d’hiver
  5. "A Solargraph taken from APEX at Chajnantor". European Southern Observatory. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
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