Hydrocodone

Hydrocodone, also known as dihydrocodeinone, is a semisynthetic opioid used to treat pain and as a cough suppressant.[1] It is taken by mouth.[1]

Hydrocodone
Clinical data
Trade namesHysingla ER, Zohydro ER
SynonymsDihydrocodeinone, hydrocodone bitartrate
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa601006
License data
Pregnancy
category
    Dependence
    liability    		High[2]
    Addiction
    liability    		High
    Routes of
    administration    		Clinical: by mouth[3]
    Others: intranasal, rectal
    Drug classOpioid
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    • AU: S8 (Controlled drug)
    • BR: Class A1 (Narcotic drugs) [4]
    • CA: Schedule I
    • DE: Anlage III (Special prescription form required)
    • NZ: Class B
    • UK: Class A
    • US: Schedule II
    Pharmacokinetic data
    BioavailabilityBy mouth: 70%[5]
    Protein bindingLow[5][6]
    MetabolismLiver: CYP3A4 (major), CYP2D6 (minor)[7]
    Metabolites• Norhydrocodone[7]
    • Hydromorphone[7]
    • Others[7]
    Onset of action10–20 minutes[3]
    Elimination half-lifeAverage: 3.8 hours[8]
    Range: 3.3–4.4 hours[3]
    Duration of action4–8 hours[3]
    ExcretionUrine[9][10]
    Identifiers
    IUPAC name
    • 4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    IUPHAR/BPS
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    ECHA InfoCard100.004.304
      (verify)

    Most of the time it is dispensed as the combination acetaminophen/hydrocodone or ibuprofen/hydrocodone for pain severe enough to require an opioid[11][12][13] and in combination with homatropine methylbromide to relieve cough.[1] It is also available by itself in a long-acting form under the brand name Zohydro ER, among others, to treat long-term severe pain.[1][14]

    References
    1. "Hydrocodone Bitartrate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
    2. Bonewit-West K, Hunt SA, Applegate E (2012). Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571. ISBN 9781455701506.
    4. Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
    5. Polsten GR, Wallace MS (21 June 2016). "Analgesic Agents in Rheumatic Disease". In Firestein GS, Budd R, Gabriel SE, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR (eds.). Kelley and Firestein's Textbook of Rheumatology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1081–. ISBN 978-0-323-41494-4.
    6. Chabner BA, Longo DL (8 November 2010). "Chapter 37: Drug Therapy of Pain in Cancer Patients". Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 700–. ISBN 978-1-60547-431-1.
    9. Bluth MH (16 November 2016). Toxicology and Drug Testing, An Issue of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-0-323-47795-6.
    10. Smith HS (21 February 2013). Opioid Therapy in the 21st Century. OUP USA. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-19-984497-5.
    11. Mallinckrodt (March 10, 2021). "HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE AND ACETAMINOPHEN tablet (label)". National Institutes of Health DailyMed. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
    12. Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ (2011). Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 692. ISBN 9781608317080.
    13. "Hydrocodone Combination Products: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
    14. "Hydrocodone: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.


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