Han dynasty (60 BC)

This is a timeline of the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD).

3rd century BC

YearDateEvent
202 BC28 FebruaryLiu Bang becomes emperor of the Han dynasty (posthumously known as Emperor Gaozu of Han)[1]
Emperor Gaozu of Han moves the capital from Luoyang to Chang'an[2]
201 BCBattle of Baideng: Emperor Gaozu of Han's army is defeated by the Xiongnu[3]
Xin, King of Han defects to the Xiongnu[3]

2nd century BC

200s BC

YearDateEvent
197 BCThe Xiongnu invade Dai Commandery with the help of Chen Xi and Han Xin[4]
196 BCEmperor Gaozu of Han replaces nine of the ten Kings of the Han dynasty with his brothers and sons[5]
The Xiongnu invade Dai Commandery with the help of Han Xin[4]
195 BC1 JuneEmperor Gaozu of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Ying (posthumously Emperor Hui of Han)[6]
The Xiongnu invade You Province with the help of Lu Wan[5]

190s BC

YearDateEvent
188 BCEmperor Hui of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Gong (posthumously Emperor Qianshao of Han)[7]
184 BCEmperor Qianshao of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Hong (posthumously Emperor Houshao of Han)
182 BCThe Xiongnu invade Longxi Commandery and Tianshui[8]
181 BCNanyue invades Changsha[8]
The Xiongnu invade Longxi Commandery[4]

180s BC

YearDateEvent
180 BCLü Clan Disturbance: Empress Lü dies and her clan is slaughtered[8]
Emperor Houshao of Han is deposed and succeeded by Liu Heng (posthumously Emperor Wen of Han)[9]
179 BCEarliest archaeological evidence of paper[10]
The Xiongnu invade Yunzhong Commandery[4]
177 BCThe Xiongnu invade Ordos[11]
176 BCThe kingdoms of Liang, Zhao, Qi, Dai, and Huainan are split up[12]

170s BC

YearDateEvent
169 BCThe Xiongnu raid Han[4]
166 BCA 140,000 strong Xiongnu force invade near Chang'an[13]

160s BC

YearDateEvent
160 BCA system of beacon and lookout stations is deployed[13]
158 BCA 30,000 strong Xiongnu force attacks Yunzhong Commandery and Dai Commandery[4]
157 BCEmperor Wen of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Qi (posthumously Emperor Jing of Han)[14]
154 BCRebellion of the Seven States: Liu Pi and six other kings rebel but are defeated[15]

150s BC

YearDateEvent
148 BCThe Xiongnu attack Yan Province[4]
144 BCThe Xiongnu raid Yanmen Pass for horses[4]
142 BCThe Xiongnu attack Yanmen Pass[4]
141 BCEmperor Wen of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Che (posthumously Emperor Wu of Han)[16]

140s BC

YearDateEvent
139 BCZhang Qian sets off for the Western Regions[17]
136 BCOfficial posts are created for academicians[18]
135 BCHan campaigns against Minyue: A puppet king is installed in Minyue[19]
133 BCJuneBattle of Mayi: The Han army fails to ambush the Xiongnu[17]
132 BCYellow River dikes burst[20]

130s BC

YearDateEvent
129 BCHan forces (40,000) under Wei Qing, Gongsun Ao, Gongsun He, and Li Guang engage in combat with the Xiongnu[21]
128 BCThe Xiongnu attack Liaoxi and engage in combat with Han forces (40,000) under Wei Qing and Li Xi[22]
Nan Lü of Dongye surrenders to Han and the Canghai Commandery is created[22]
127 BCThe Xiongnu raid Liaoxi and Yanmen
Han forces under Wei Qing, Hao Xian, and Li Xi plunder the Xiongnu for livestock[21]
126 BCThe Canghai Commandery is abandoned[22]
The Xiongnu army (900,000) raids Han territory
124 BCHan forces (100,000) under Wei Qing attack the Xiongnu[21]
123 BCHan forces (100,000) under Wei Qing attack the Xiongnu[21]
122 BCThe Prince of Huainan rebels and is defeated[23]
The Xiongnu raid Shanggu
121 BCHan forces under Huo Qubing, Zhao Ponu, Zhang Qian, and Li Guang attack the Xiongnu[21]

120s BC

YearDateEvent
120 BCThe Xiongnu raid Youbeiping and Xingxiang, taking 1,000 captives
119 BCJuneBattle of Mobei: Han generals Huo Qubing and Wei Qing defeat the Xiongnu[17]
Introduction of the iron and salt monopoly[11]
New taxes are levied on market transactions, vehicles, and property[24]
Zhang Qian goes on another trip to the Western Regions[17]
116 BCThe Xiongnu raid Liang Province
113 BCReign names are introduced[25]
112 BCState monopoly on minting is enacted[26]
A Han force of 20,000 attack the Qing in eastern Tibet
111 BCHan conquest of Nanyue: Han annexes Nanyue[27]
Han campaigns against Minyue: Âu Việt is defeated but the Han evacuate the Yue area rather than annex it; with the exception of Dongye at the mouth of the Min River, modern Fujian would not see significant colonization until 200 AD[28]
Han forces (25,000)) under Gongsun He and Zhao Ponu try to attack the Xiongnu but can't find them[21]
Modern Guizhou is incorporated into the empire[29]

110s BC

YearDateEvent
110 BCEmperor Wu of Han personally leads Han forces (180,000) against the Xiongnu but their chanyu decides to retreat[21]
Han secures a marriage alliance with the Wusun through Liu Jieyou[30]
109 BCHan conquest of Dian: The Dian Kingdom becomes a Han vassal[31]
108 BCHan conquest of Gojoseon: Han annexes Gojoseon[32] and sets up the Lelang, Lintun, Xuantu, and Zhenfan commanderies[33]
Battle of Loulan: Han subjugates Qiemo and the Jushi Kingdom[34]
106 BCThirteen regional inspectors are appointed to be directly answerable to the central government[35]
105 BCCai Lun improves on paper using a combination of rags and plant fibers[36]
Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[29]
104 BCWar of the Heavenly Horses: Li Guangli fails to make it to Dayuan[37]
103 BCHan forces (20,000) under Zhao Ponu attack the Xiongnu but are defeated[21]
102 BCThe Xiongnu raid Jiuquan and Zhangye, capturing several thousand people
101 BCWar of the Heavenly Horses: Li Guangli forces Dayuan to provide horses[37]
Han vassalizes Fergana[30]

1st century BC

100s BC

YearDateEvent
99 BCBattle of Tian Shan: Han forces (35,000) under Li Guangli and Li Ling are defeated by the Xiongnu[38]
98 BCState monopoly on liquor is enacted[26]
97 BCHan forces (140,000) under Li Guangli attack the Xiongnu without results[21]
94 BCSummerHan forces under Xu Xiangru kill the king of Suoju (around modern Yarkant County) and capture 1,500 people[39]
91 BCFactional strife in Chang'an results in the deaths of thousands[40]

90s BC

YearDateEvent
90 BCHan forces (79,000) under Li Guangli are defeated by the Xiongnu but another Han army (30,000) under Shang Qiucheng manages to force the Xiongnu to flee[38]
Han forces under Cheng Wan conquer Jushi Kingdom[21]
87 BCHan forces under Wen Zhong capture a city near modern Islamabad[41]
29 MarchEmperor Wu of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Fuling (posthumously Emperor Zhao of Han)[42]
86 BCLiu Dan's coup fails[43]
Rebellion occurs in the southwest[44]
83 BCRebellion occurs in the southwest[44]
82 BCZhenfan and Lintun commanderies are abandoned[45]
Hainan is abandoned for a time[27]
81 BCDiscourses on Salt and Iron
State monopoly on liquor is abolished[26]

80s BC

YearDateEvent
80 BCLiu Dan attempts another coup, which also fails[46]
78 BCHan forces under (20,000) under Fan Mingyou attack the Wuhuan
77 BCAfter several Han envoys are killed in or near the Loulan Kingdom, supreme general Huo Guang has an envoy named Fu Jiezi assassinate the Loulan King Angui[47]
75 BCGoguryeo attacks Xuantu Commander[48]
74 BC18 JulyEmperor Zhao of Han dies and the Marquis of Haihun is enthroned[49]
14 AugustThe Marquis of Haihun is deposed and replaced by Liu Bingyi (posthumously Emperor Xuan of Han)[49]
71 BCThe Han, Wusun, Dingling, and Wuhuan coalition defeats the Xiongnu[50]

70s BC

YearDateEvent
69 BCHan forces under Chang Hui retaliate against Qiuci for killing Colonel Laidan[51]
67 BCBattle of Jushi: Han forces conquer the Jushi Kingdom[50]
65 BCHan forces under Feng Fenshi force the king of Suoju to commit suicide and enthrone another king[52]
Han vassalizes Qiuci[30]
The Qiang revolt in eastern Tibet
64 BCThe people of the Jushi Kingdom are moved to Quli to work the land[52]
The Xiongnu attack Jiaohe in the aftermath of the Battle of Jushi
61 BCHan forces under Zhao Chongguo advance into Qinghai and establish colonies

60s BC

YearDateEvent
60 BCThe Protectorate of the Western Regions is established under Zheng Ji[30]
53 BCWusun submit to Han suzerainty and are split into Greater and Lesser Kunmi[53]

50s BC

YearDateEvent
49 BCEmperor Xuan of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Shi (posthumously Emperor Yuan of Han)[54]
46 BCHainan is abandoned for a time[27]
44 BCThe state monopoly on salt and iron is temporarily abolished[55]
42 BCQiang tribes revolt in the west[56]
41 BCThe state monopoly on salt and iron is restored[57]
Han forces (60,000) under Feng Fengshi crush the Qiang rebels

40s BC

YearDateEvent
39 BCYellow River dikes burst[58]
38 BCEmperor Yuan of Han deposes Liu Yuan, King of Hejian, disestablishing his kingdom[59]
36 BCBattle of Zhizhi: Han forces defeat the Xiongnu[60]
33 BCEmperor Yuan of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Ao (posthumously Emperor Cheng of Han)[61]
32 BCThe Hejian Kingdom is re-established[59]

30s BC

YearDateEvent
29 BCYellow River dikes burst[58]
27 BCAboriginals rebel in the southwest[29]

10s BC

YearDateEvent
7 BC7 MayEmperor Cheng of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Xin (posthumously Emperor Ai of Han)[61]
3 BCThe cult of the Queen Mother of the West spreads throughout China[62]
1 BC15 AugustEmperor Ai of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu JIzi (posthumously Emperor Ping of Han[63]

1st century

0s

YearDateEvent
1Earliest extant blast furnaces[64]
3The Yellow River floods and changes course[65]
62 FebruaryEmperor Ping of Han dies and Ruzi Ying becomes heir apparent but Wang Mang becomes acting emperor[66]
7Wang Mang is accused of murdering Emperor Ping of Han[67]
910 JanuaryWang Mang declares his own Xin dynasty (literally "new dynasty")[68]
The slave trade is outlawed[69]

10s

YearDateEvent
12Wang Mang extends Xin territory into Qinghai[70]
Xin forces defeat Goguryeo in battle[71]
Aboriginals in Zangke Commandery (Guizhou) rebel[29]
The slave trade ban is rescinded[26]
13Karasahr rebels[70]
14Aboriginals in Yi Province rebel[29]
16A Xin expeditionary army under Guo Qin massacres the population of Karasahr[70]
17Red Eyebrows: Rebellion erupts in modern Shandong[20]

20s

YearDateEvent
22Lulin: Rebellion erupts in Nanyang[72]
11 MarchLiu Xuan (later known as the Gengshi Emperor) is enthroned by the rebels[73]
Red Eyebrows: Xin forces are defeated by the rebels[20]
23JanuaryLulin: Xin forces are defeated by rebels[73]
7 JulyBattle of Kunyang: Xin forces are defeated by rebels[74]
6 OctoberLulin: Rebels take Chang'an and kill Wang Mang; Luoyang falls soon after[75]
Koreans raid the Lelang Commandery and take slaves[19]
The Protectorate of the Western Regions is abandoned[56]
24MarchThe Gengshi Emperor relocates to Chang'an[76]
25JulyRed Eyebrows: The Red Eyebrows enthrone their own emperor, Liu Penzi[77]
5 AugustLiu Xiu proclaims himself emperor (posthumously Emperor Guangwu of Han)[78]
OctoberRed Eyebrows: The Red Eyebrows take Chang'an and strangle the Gengshi Emperor[77]
27 NovemberEmperor Guangwu of Han takes Luoyang[78]
Wang Diao takes over Lelang Commandery[79]
2715 MarchRed Eyebrows: Rebels surrender to Emperor Guangwu of Han[80]
29Emperor Guangwu of Han pacifies the northern Central Plains and Nanyang[80]
The Taixue is created[81]

30s

YearDateEvent
30Emperor Guangwu of Han pacifies the Lelang Commandery, southern Central Plains and Shandong[80]
31Du Shi uses waterwheels to power piston-bellows for blast furnaces[82]
32Ban Gu is born
34Emperor Guangwu of Han defeats Wei Ao and pacifies the northwest[80]
3625 DecemberEmperor Guangwu of Han defeats Gongsun Shu and takes Chengdu, restoring the Han[80]

40s

YearDateEvent
40Trung sisters' rebellion: Yue tribes rebel in Jiaozhi[83]
43Trung sisters' rebellion: The Trưng Sisters are decapitated[83]
44Han forces under Ma Yuan are defeated by Xiongnu
45Ban Zhao is born
Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84]
Xiongnu raid Changshan
48Aboriginals rebel in Wuling Commandery (northwestern Hunan)[85]
49Wuhuan settle in the northwest and north of the Central Plain[86]
Qiang tribes retake the Qinghai region[87]

50s

YearDateEvent
51An Ailao tribe defects to Han[88]
5729 MarchEmperor Guangwu of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Yang (posthumously Emperor Ming of Han)[89]

60s

YearDateEvent
63The Xiongnu gain control of the Western Regions and start raiding Han[90]
65Liu Ying becomes the first documented sponsor of Buddhism in China[89]
69An Ailao tribe defects to Han[88]

70s

YearDateEvent
70The southern flow of the Yellow River is eliminated[20]
73Battle of Yiwulu: Han general Dou Gu defeats the Xiongnu and restores the Protectorate of the Western Regions[91]
74Han forces capture Jushi Kingdom
755 SeptemberEmperor Ming of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Da (posthumously Emperor Zhang of Han)[92]
77The Protectorate of the Western Regions is abandoned[93]

80s

YearDateEvent
889 AprilEmperor Zhang of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Zhao (posthumously Emperor He of Han)[94]
89Battle of the Altai Mountains: Han general Dou Xian defeats the Xiongnu[95]

90s

YearDateEvent
90The Protectorate of the Western Regions is restored[93]
92Ban Gu dies
93The Xiongnu settle in southern Shaanxi[96]

2nd century

100s

YearDateEvent
10613 FebruaryEmperor He of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Long (posthumously Emperor Shang of Han)[97]
21 SeptemberEmperor Shang of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Hu (posthumously Emperor An of Han)[97]
Goguryeo invades Xuantu Commandery[19]
107The Protectorate of the Western Regions is abandoned[93]
Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84]
108Qiang tribes raid the Central Plains[87]

110s

YearDateEvent
111The Book of Han is finished by Ban Zhao
116Ban Zhao dies
Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84]
117Han forces under Ren Shang defeat the Qiang

120s

YearDateEvent
123Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84]
12530 AprilEmperor An of Han dies and is succeeded by the Marquess of Beixiang[98]
16 DecemberEunuch loyalists overthrow the Marquess of Beixiang and enthrone Liu Bao (posthumously Emperor Shun of Han)[98]

130s

YearDateEvent
132Han retakes some of Xuantu Commandery from Goguryeo[19]
Zhang Heng invents the seismometer[99]
137Rebellion erupts in Rinan[100]

140s

YearDateEvent
140The Xiongnu overrun the Tiger's Teeth encampment near Chang'an[101]
The Qiang rebel
142The Qiang rebellion is defeated
14420 SeptemberEmperor Shun of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Bing (posthumously Emperor Chong of Han)[102]
DecemberRebellion erupts in Jiujiang[103]
14515 FebruaryEmperor Chong of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Zuan (posthumously Emperor Zhi of Han)[102]
Rebels attack Guangling and Jiujiang[103]
Xianbei raid Dai Commandery[103]
Hua Meng declares himself the Black Emperor and gets killed[103]
14626 JulyEmperor Zhi of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Zhi (posthumously Emperor Huan of Han)[102]
Policy of assimilation in the southwest is implemented through education programs[44]

150s

YearDateEvent
156Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84]
159Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84]

160s

YearDateEvent
166The Xianbei raid Han territory
167Han forces under Duan Jiong massacre the Qiang
16825 JanuaryEmperor Huan of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Hong (posthumously Emperor Ling of Han)[104]
169Duan Jiong defeats the Xianlian Qiang[105]

170s

YearDateEvent
176Aboriginals rebel in the southwest[84]
177Han forces (20,000) under Xia Yu and Tian Yan are defeated by the Xianbei

180s

YearDateEvent
184springYellow Turban Rebellion: The Yellow Turbans ravage the north and east and are defeated[106][107]
winterLiang Province rebellion: A rebellion occurs in Liang province (Liangzhou; 涼州; roughly present-day Wuwei, Gansu)[106]
185The imperial palace is damaged by fire and special taxes are levied for rebuilding[106]
188Governors are appointed to unify provincial administrations[106]
189summerEmperor Ling of Han dies; Empress He and her brother He Jin enthrone Liu Bian and establish a regency government[106]
winterThe Ten Eunuchs kill He Jin and are themselves massacred by Yuan Shao;[107] Dong Zhuo takes control of Luoyang and deposes Liu Bian in favor of his half-brother Liu Xie, Emperor Xian of Han[106]

190s

YearDateEvent
190Campaign against Dong Zhuo: An anti-Dong Zhuo alliance forms in the east, led by Yuan Shao[106]
Dong Zhuo burns Luoyang, loots the imperials tombs, and relocates to Chang'an;[107] the coalition breaks up and local officials set themselves up as warlords[106]
Cai Yong dies[107]
191Zhang Lu sets up a theocracy in Hanzhong[106]
192Wang Yun and Lü Bu kill Dong Zhuo and Wang Yun himself is killed by Dong Zhuo's officers Li Jue and Guo Si[106]
Cao Cao takes over Yan Province[106]
195Emperor Xian of Han escapes from Chang'an[106]
Sun Ce sets up south of the Changjiang[106]
196Emperor Xian of Han relocates to Xuchang under Cao Cao's control[106]
197Campaign against Yuan Shu: Yuan Shu takes the imperial title but is driven south by Cao Cao[106]
199Battle of Yijing: Yuan Shao eliminates Gongsun Zan in You Province[106]
Yuan Shu dies[106]

3rd century

YearDateEvent
200Battle of Guandu: Yuan Shao is defeated by Cao Cao northeast of modern Zhongmou, Henan[106]
Sun Ce dies and is succeeded by his brother Sun Quan[106]
Zheng Xuan dies[107]
202Yuan Shao dies and is succeeded by his younger son Yuan Shang[106]
203Cao Cao's campaigns to unify northern China begin[106]
207Battle of White Wolf Mountain: Cao Cao defeats the Wuhuan and unites northern China[106]
208Liu Biao dies in Jing Province and Cao Cao takes over[106]
Battle of Red Cliffs: Cao Cao is defeated on the Changjiang, west of modern Jiangxia, Hubei, by Sun Quan and Liu Bei[106]
210Liu Bei occupies the south of Jing Province[106]
211Battle of Tong Pass: Cao Cao defeats Ma Chao and Han Sui and starts campaigning in northwestern China[106]
Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province: Liu Zhang invites Liu Bei to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing)[106]
214Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province: Liu Bei takes control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang[106]
215Battle of Yangping: Zhang Lu surrenders Hanzhong to Cao Cao[106]
216Cao Cao declares himself King of Wei[108]
219springBattle of Mount Dingjun: Liu Bei defeats Cao Cao's general Xiahou Yuan and takes Hanzhong[106]
autumnLiu Bei becomes King of Hanzhong[106]
Battle of Fancheng: Liu Bei's general Guan Yu attacks north in Jing Province[106]
winterLü Meng's invasion of Jing Province: Sun Quan's general Lü Meng attacks Guan Yu and seizes the south of Jing Province[106]
220Guan Yu is executed by Sun Quan[108]
springCao Cao dies at Luoyang and is succeeded by his son Cao Pi[106]
The Nine-rank system is implemented[108]
winterCao Pi forces Emperor Xian of Han to abdicate and declares himself Emperor of the Wei dynasty; so ends the Han dynasty[106]

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Bibliography

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