The Samurai-dokoro (侍所 - Board of Retainers) was an office of the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates. The role of the Samurai-dokoro was to take the leadership of gokenin, the shogun's retainers, and to be in charge of the imprisonment of criminals. It was established in 1180 by Minamoto no Yoritomo, the founder of the Kamakura shogunate.[1]

History

Kamakura period

During the Kamakura period, the Samurai-dokoro was in charge of calling in and directing the gokenin, the shogun's retainers. It was also in charge of the imprisonment of criminals.

The office was administered by officials called shoshi or samuraidokoro-no-tsukasa, who were made up from the most powerful gokenin. The most senior of the officials, the president of the Samurai-dokoro, was called bettō. The office was established by Minamoto no Yoritomo in 1180, who appointed Wada Yoshimori its first bettō. However, after Yoshimori was killed during the Wada Rebellion, the shikken (regent of the shogunate) took over the post of bettō.

In the Engyobon Heike Monogatari, the Samurai-dokoro was established upon the request of Wada Yoshimori, and it was modeled after the Taira government period office called samurai bettō that Fujiwara no Tadakiyo was appointed to rule over the samurai of the eight provinces of Bandō (present-day Kantō region). If this is true, the Samurai-dokoro was not modeled after the household agency of noble families that shares the same name.

As Yoritomo's position rose, the Samurai-dokoro began to also take on the role of a domestic administration institution. In the Kenkyū era, Wada Yoshimori, the bettō, was in charge of military affairs in general as well as domestic administration, and Kajiwara Kagetoki, a shoshi, was in charge of directing the gokenin, the basis of the Kamakura shogunate.[2]

Muromachi period

Under the Muromachi shogunate, the Samurai-dokoro was led by a tōnin or shoshi, who was assisted by a shoshi-dai. Bugyōnin was in charge of administrative paperwork, and there were junior officers, kodoneri, zōshiki, and others. Additionally, kaikō took on the duties of a clerk, metsuke worked as an inspector, and yoriudo took on the duties of an investigator, among other officials.

The Samurai-dokoro was largely dependent on the military power of the daimyo, and in reality the shoshi-dai, a high-ranking retainer of the shoshi, was in charge of the Samurai-dokoro. During events like the Tsuchi-ikki peasant uprising, a powerful military was required to suppress the chaotic situation, and in such cases the Samurai-dokoro asked help from the daimyo and the kenmon (powerful families).[3]

Between the late Muromachi period and the Sengoku period, shoshi and shoshi-dai were no longer appointed, and the kaikō was in turn charge of the Samurai-dokoro. The shogunate bugyōnin was appointed this post and was either from the Matsuda clan or the Īno'o clan. The kaikō was required to stay in Kyoto and be in charge of Kyoto's public security and the management of prisons, and also served as an advisor to the shogun and other kenmon on judgements. Additionally, after mid-Muromachi period, the kaikō formed its own military by recruiting local Kyoto jizamurai and skilled vagrants. After the Ōnin War (1467-77), the military power of the shoshi weakened, and the kaikō's hikan and the officials of another Samurai-dokoro took over the public security. Additionally, the military power of the kaikō directly played a part in the military power of the Ashikaga shoguns, and according to the records at the time, the kaikō could mobilize an estimated 200 to 300 men.[3]

Bettō

Name Term
Wada Yoshimori1180 - 119?
Ōtomo Yoshinao (acting)1194
Kajiwara Kagetoki119? - 1199
Wada Yoshimori1200 - 1213
Hōjō Yoshitoki1213 - 1224
Hōjō Yasutoki1224 - 1242
Hōjō Tsunetoki1242 - 1246
Hōjō Tokiyori1246 - 1256
Hōjō Nagatoki1256 - 1264
Hōjō Masamura1264 - 1268
Hōjō Tokimune1268 - 1284
Hōjō Sadatoki1284 - 1301
Hōjō Morotoki1301 - 1311
Hōjō Munenobu1311 - 1312
Hōjō Hirotoki1312 - 1315
Hōjō Mototoki1315 - 1316
Hōjō Takatoki1316 - 1326
Hōjō Sadaaki1326
Hōjō Moritoki1326 - 1333
Hōjō Sadayuki1333

Tōnin

Name Term
Miura Sadatsura1336
Sasaki Nakachika1336
Kō no Moroyasu1336
Miura Takatsugu1337
Minami Munetsugu1338 - 1339
Hosokawa Kazuuji1340
Hosokawa Akiuji1340 - 1344
Niki Yoshinaga1344
Yamana Tokiuji1345
Hosokawa Akiuji1346
Niki Yoriaki1350
Hosokawa Yoriharu1352
Kyōgoku Hidetsuna1352
Toki Yoriyasu1353 - 1354
Satake Yoshiatsu1354 - 1357
Kyōgoku Takahide1357 - 1363
Toki Naouji1364 - 1365
Shiba Yoshitane1365 - 1366
Niki Yorinatsu1366
Imagawa Sadayo1366 - 1367
Imagawa Kuniyasu1368
Toki Yasuyuki1369
Kyōgoku Takahide1370 - 1372
Toki Yoshiyuki1373
Imagawa Kuniyasu1373
Hosokawa Yorimoto1373 - 1375
Yamana Tokiyoshi1375
Hatakeyama Motokuni1376
Yamana Ujikiyo1377
Imagawa Yasunori1378
Yamana Yoshiyuki1378 - 1379
Toki Akinao1380
Isshiki Akinori1381 - 1383
Yamana Tokiyoshi1384 - 1385
Toki Mitsusada1385
Yamana Tokiyoshi1386
Akamatsu Yoshinori1388
Toki Yorimasu1388 - 1389
Akamatsu Yoshinori1389 - 1391
Hatakeyama Motokuni1392 - 1394
Kyōgoku Takanori1394 - 1398
Akamatsu Yoshinori1399 - 1402
Toki Yorimasu1403 - 1403
Kyōgoku1403
Isshiki1405 - 1406
Akamatsu Yoshinori1406 - 1408
Kyōgoku Takamitsu1409
Akamatsu Mitsusuke1411 - 1413
Yamana Tokihiro1414
Isshiki Yoshitsura1414 - 1421
Kyōgoku Takakazu1421 - 1428
Akamatsu Mitsusuke1428 - 1432
Isshiki Yoshitsura1432 - 1436
Akamatsu Mitsusuke1438
Toki Mochimasu1439
Yamana Mochitoyo1440 - 1441
Kyōgoku Mochikiyo1441 - 1447
Isshiki Norichika1447 - 1449
Kyōgoku Mochikiyo1449 - 1466
Akamatsu Masanori1471 - 1483
Kyōgoku Kimune1485

References

  1. Lu, David (1997). Japan: A Documentary History. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 108. ISBN 1-56324-906-5.
  2. Motoki, Yasuo (2020). Nihon chūsei no seiji to seido. 元木泰雄. Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. pp. 263–277. ISBN 978-4-642-02966-7. OCLC 1220856942.
  3. 1 2 Kinoshita, Masaki; 木下昌規 (2014). Sengokuki Ashikaga Shōgun-ke no kenryoku kōzō. Iwata Shoin. pp. 137–159. ISBN 978-4-87294-875-2. OCLC 894192668.
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