Paleobiota of the Solnhofen Formation

Solnhofen Limestone
Solnhofen Limestone
Stratigraphic range: Kimmeridgian-Tithonian
	A brittle star fossil from the Solnhofen Formation.
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Usseltal Formation
Overlies	Torleite Formation
Lithology
Primary	Lithographic limestone
Location
Region	Bavaria
Country	Germany
Type section
Named for	Solnhofen

The Solnhofen Plattenkalk, a collective term of multiple Late Jurassic lithographic limestones in southeastern Germany, is famous for its well preserved fossil flora and fauna dating to the late Jurassic.

Chondrichthyes

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Asteracanthus ^[3]	A. ornatissimus
Paracestracion	P. falcifer

Chondrostei

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Coccolepis^[4]	C. bucklandi^[4]

Pycnodontiformes

Name	Species	Images
Eomesodon^[5]	E. gibbosus^[5]	Gyrodus circularis Gyrodus hexagonus Mesturus verrucosus
Gyrodus^[5]	G. circularis^[5]
Gyrodus^[5]	G. hexagonus^[5]
Mesturus^[5]	M. verrucosus^[5]
Macromesodon^[5]	M. heckeli^[5]
Macromesodon^[5]	M. macropterus^[5]
Piranhamesodon^[6]	P. pinnatomus^[6]
Proscinetes^[5]	P. elegans^[5]
Proscinetes^[5]	P. formosus^[5]

Ginglymodi

Lepidotidae

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Scheenstia^[7]	S. maximus^[7]			Scheenstia maximus

Callipurbeckidae

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Callipurbeckia	C. notopterus^[7]

Macrosemiidae

Name	Species	Images
Histionotus^[8]	H. oberndorferi^[8]	Propterus
Macrosemius^[8]	M. rostratus^[8]
Notagogus^[8]	N. decoratus^[8]
Notagogus^[8]	N. denticulatus
Propterus^[8]	P. elongatus^[8]
Propterus^[8]	P. microstomus^[8]
Eusemius^[8]	E. beatae^[8]

Dapediiformes

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Heterostrophus^[9]	H. latus^[9]

Halecomorphi

Caturidae

Name	Species	Images
Amblysemius^[10]	A. bellicianus^[10]	Caturus furcatus
Amblysemius^[10]	A. pachyurus^[10]
Caturus^[10]	C. furcatus^[10]
Caturus^[10]	C. giganteus^[10]
Liodesmus^[10]	L. gracilis^[10]
Liodesmus^[10]	L. sprattiformis^[10]

Ionoscopidae

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Ionoscopus^[11]	I. cyprinoides^[11]
	I. esocinus^[11]
	I. münsteri^[11]
	I. striatissimus^[11]

Furidae

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Furo^[12]	F. angustus^[12]
	F. latimanus^[12]
	F. longiserratus^[12]
	F. microlepidotes^[12]

Other halecomorphs

Name	Species	Notes	Images
Amiopsis^[13]	A. lepidota^[13]	Amiid.^[13]	Ophiopsis
Ophiopsis	O. muensteri
Ophiopsiella^[13]	O. attenuta^[13]
Ophiopsiella^[13]	O. procera^[13]
Solnhofenamia^[13]	S. elongata^[13]	Amiid.^[13]

Halecomorphi incertae sedis

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Brachyichthys^[14]	B. radiato-punctatus^[14]
Brachyichthys^[14]	B typicus^[14]
Callopterus^[14]	C. agassizzi^[14]
Lophiurus^[14]	L. minutus^[14]

Teleostei

Pleuropholidae

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Pleuropholis^[15]	P. laevissima^[15]
	P. pompecki^[15]
	P. wagneri^[15]

Pachycormidae

Name	Species	Images
Asthenocormus^[16]	A. titanius^[16]	Hypsocormus
Hypsocormus^[16]	H. insignis^[16]
Hypsocormus^[16]	H. macrodon^[16]
Orthocormus^[16]	O. cornutus^[16]
Pseudoasthenocormus^[17]	P. retrodorsalis^[17]
Sauropsis^[16]	S. depressus^[16]
Sauropsis^[16]	S. longimanus^[16]

Aspidorhynchidae

Name	Species	Images
Aspidorhynchus^[18]	A. acutirostris^[18]	Aspidorhynchus
Belonostomus^[18]	B. münsteri^[18]
Belonostomus^[18]	B. tenuirostris^[18]

Pholidophoridae

Name	Species	Images
Ankylophorus^[19]	Indeterminate.^[19]	Pholidophorus
Eurycormus^[19]	E. speciosus^[19]
Pholidophoristion^[19]	P. micronyx^[19]
Pholidophoristion^[19]	P. ovatus^[19]
Pholidophorus^[19]	P. armatus^[19]
	P. diagonalis^[19]
	P. falcifer^[19]
	P. macrocephalus^[19]
	P. microps^[19]
	P. sculptus^[19]

Allothrissopidae

Name	Species	Images
Allothrissops^[20]	A. mesogaster^[20]	Pachythrissops Thrissops
Allothrissops^[20]	A. salmoneus^[20]
Pachythrissops^[20]	P. propterus^[20]
Thrissops^[20]	T. formosus^[20]
Thrissops^[20]	T. subovatus^[20]

Orthogonikleithridae

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Leptolepides^[21]	L. haerteisi^[21]
Leptolepides^[21]	L. sprattiformis^[21]
Orthogonikleithrus^[21]	O. hoelli^[21]
Orthogonikleithrus^[21]	O. leichi^[21]

Anaethalionidae

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Anaethalion^[22]	A. angustissimus^[22]
	A. angustus^[22]
	A. knorri^[22]
	A. subovatus^[22]

Others

Name	Species	Images
Ascalabos^[23]	A. voithii^[23]	Living Elops individual.
Daitingichthys^[23]	D. tischlingeri^[23]
Eichstättia^[23]	E. mayri^[23]
Elops^[23]	cf. E. sp. 1^[23]
	cf. E. sp. 2^[23]
	cf. E. sp. 3^[23]
Tharsis^[23]	T. dubius^[23]
Tischlingerichtys^[23]	T. viohli^[23]

Reptiles

Lizards

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Ardeosaurus	A. brevipes	Eichstätt	Small Lepidosaur thought to be close to the base of Geckota^[24]	Ardeosaurus brevipes
Ardeosaurus	A. digitalellus	Solnhofen, Eichstätt
Bavarisaurus	B. macrodactylus	Kelheim
Eichstaettisaurus	E. schroederi	Eichstätt
Schoenesmahl^[24]	S. dyspepsia	Kelheim	Bavariasaurid lizard that was found in the stomach of the Compsognathus Holotype^[24]

Rhynchocephalians

Name	Species	Locality	Formation	Notes
Homoeosaurus	H. maximillioni	Eichstätt, Painten, Schamhaupten, Kelheim	Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation
Sapheosaurus	S. laticeps	Eichstätt, Painten	Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation	Large sapheosaurid reaching 70 cm in length, it may be semi-aquatic
Kallimodon	K. pulchellus	Eichstätt	Altmühltal Formation	Sapheosauridae
Oenosaurus	O. muehlheimensis	Mühlheim	Mörnsheim Formation	Rhynchocephalian with dentition unique among Tetrapoda^[25]
Vadasaurus	V. herzogi	Painten?	Painten Formation	Rhynchocephalian close to the base of Pleurosauridae^[26]
Pleurosaurus	P. goldfussi	Eichstätt, Langenaltheim, Painten, Mörnsheim	Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation, Mörnsheim Formation	Acrosaurus fischmanni is a synonym.^[27]

Ichthyosaurs

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Aegirosaurus	A. leptospondylus	Eichstätt, Solnhofen^[28]		A. leptospondylus tail
"Ichthyosaurus"	"I." posthumus	Eichstätt, Kelheim, Solnhofen	Nomen dubium. Known only from isolated teeth.

Turtles

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Eurysternum	E. wagleri	Solnhofen, Kelheim^[29]		Platychelys oberndorferi
Cyrtura	C. temnospondyla	Solnhofen
Idiochelys	I. fitzingeri	Eichstätt
Palaeomedusa	P. testa	Kelheim, Eichstätt, Solnhofen	Eurysternum crassipes and Thalassemys marina are synonyms.
Platychelys	P. oberndorferi	Kelheim	Platychelyid sea turtle
Solnhofia	S. parsonsi	Eichstätt

Crocodylomorphs

Name	Species	Presence	Specimens	Notes	Images
Alligatorellus	A. beaumonti	Kelheim	Partial skeleton^[30]	An atoposaurid	Alligatorellus beaumonti
Cricosaurus	C. elegans	Eichstätt, Solnhofen	Skull and vertebrae (NHM 43005)^[31] Partial skull (NHM 37006^[31])	A metriorhynchid
Dakosaurus	D. maximus	Schernfeld	Isolated teeth (JME-SOS4577, JME-SOS2535^[31])^[32]	A metriorhynchid
Geosaurus	G. giganteus	Solnhofen	Skull and mandible (NHM 37020)^[33] Isolated tooth (NHM 37016)^[33]	A metriorhynchid
Rhacheosaurus	R. gracilis	Eichstätt, Zankt	Skull and skeleton (NHM R.3948)^[33]^[31] Specimen^[31]	A metriorhynchid

Dinosaurs

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Archaeopteryx^[34]	A. siemensii^[35]	Langenaltheim, Workerszell	Wellnhoferia and Jurapteryx are synonyms.	Archaeopteryx siemensii Compsognathus longipes
Archaeopteryx^[34]	A. lithographica^[34]	Langenaltheim, Eichstätt	Wellnhoferia and Jurapteryx are synonyms.
Compsognathus^[34]	C. longipes^[34]	Kelheim (Goldberg)

Pterosaurs

Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Aerodactylus	A. scolopaciceps		Formerly classified as a species of Pterodactylus, closely related to Ardeadactylus, Aurorazhdarcho, and Cycnorhamphus.^[36]	Ctenochasma elegans Cycnorhamphus suevicus Rhamphorhynchus muensteri Scaphognathus crassirostris
Anurognathus	A. ammoni
Ardeadactylus	A. longicollum		Formerly considered a species of Pterodactylus, it is more closely related to Gnathosaurus and Germanodactylus.^[37]
Aurorazhdarcho	A. micronyx

Ctenochasma	C. elegans		Originally classified as Pterodactylus elegans
Cycnorhamphus	C. suevicus		Originally classified as Pterodactylus suevicus

Germanodactylus	G. cristatus		Originally classified as Pterodactylus cristatus
Germanodactylus	G. rhamphastinus
Gnathosaurus	G. subulatus

Pterodactylus	P. antiquus		Only one species is currently supported as valid, the rest represent growth stages, often of other species, synonyms, or nomina dubia.^[38]
Rhamphorhynchus	R. muensteri		Only one species is currently supported as valid, the rest represent growth stages, often of other species, synonyms, or nomina dubia.^[39]
Scaphognathus^[40]	S. crassirostris^[40]	Only two specimens have been recovered from the formation.^[40] The first was found in Eichstätt, the second in Mülheim.^[40]	A Solnhofen genus erected in 1861 by J. A. Wagner when he recognized the rhamphorhynchoid nature of "Pterodactylus" crassirostris after the discovery of a specimen with a preserved tail.^[40] The Solnhofen Limestone is the only known source of Scaphognathus fossils.^[40] S. crassirostris was originally named P. crassirostris in 1831 by August Goldfuss who mistook the tailless specimen for a new Pterodactylus species.^[40]

Invertebrate paleofauna

Crinoids

Crinoids of the Solnhofen Formation
Taxa	Presence	Notes	Images
Saccocoma^[41] S. ^[41]	Saccocoma remains are the most common macroscopic fossils in the Solnhofen limestone.^[41]		Saccocoma tenella

Cephalopods

Cephalopods of the Solnhofen Formation
Taxa	Presence	Notes	Images
Belemnotheutis mayri^[42]			Belemnotheutis
Plesioteuthis
Physodoceras^[43]		An ammonite
Fontannesiella^[43]		An ammonite

Crustacea

Crustaceans of the Solnhofen Formation
Name	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
Cancrinos^[44]	C. claviger^[44]	Solnhofen^[44]	A cancrinid
Cycleryon	C. elongatus^[44]	Solnhofen^[44]	An eryonid
	C. orbiculatus^[44]		An eryonid
	C. propinquus^[44]		An eryonid
Eryma	E. modestiforme^[44]		An erymid
Eryma	E. veltheimii^[44]		An erymid
Eryon	E. cuvieri^[44]^[45]		An eryonid
Etallonia^[44]	E. longimana^[44]	Solnhofen^[44]	An axiid
Glyphea	G. pseudoscyllarus^[44]		A glypheid
Glyphea	G. tenuis^[44]	Eichstätt^[44]	A glypheid
Knebelia^[44]	K. bilobata^[44]	Solnhofen^[44]	An eryonid
Magila	M. desmarestii^[44]	Solnhofen^[44]	An axiid
Magila	M. latimana^[44]	Eichstätt^[44]	An axiid
Mecochirus	M. dubius^[44]		A mecochirid
Mecochirus	M. longimanatus^[44]		A mecochirid
Orhomalus	O. deformis^[44]	Solnhofen^[44]	A pagurid
Palaeastacus^[44]	P. fuciformis^[44]		An erymid
Palaeopentacheles^[44]	P. roettenbacheri^[44]		A polychelid
Palinurina	P. longipes^[44]		A spiny lobster
Palinurina	P. tenera^[44]	Eichstätt^[44]	A spiny lobster
Pustulina^[44]	P. minuta^[44]		An erymid
Pseudastacus^[44]	P. pustulosus^[44]		A stenochirid
Rosenfeldia^[44]	R. oppeli^[44]	Eichstätt^[44]	An eryonid
Sculda	S. pennata^[46]		A mantis shrimp
Sculda	S. spinosa^[46]		A mantis shrimp
Spinosculda^[47]	S. ehrlichi^[47]		A mantis shrimp
Stenochirus	S. angustus^[44]	Flonheim^[44]	A stenochirid
Stenochirus	S. mayeri^[44]	Solnhofen^[44]	A stenochirid
Squamosoglyphea	S. squamosa^[44]	Kelheim^[44]	A glypheid
Tyrannosculda^[48]	T. laurae^[48]	Eichstätt^[48]	A mantis shrimp

Xiphosura

Horseshoe crabs of the Solnhofen Formation
Taxa	Presence	Notes	Images
Mesolimulus walchi			Mesolimulus

Thylacocephalans

Thylacocephalans of the Solnhofen Formation
Taxa	Presence	Notes	Images
Clausocaris	C. lithographica
Dollocaris	D. michelorum
Mayrocaris	M. bucculata
Falcatacaris	F. bastelbergeri

Insects

Dragonflies of the Solnhofen Formation
Taxa	Presence	Notes	Images
Mesurupetala			Mesurupetala - Houston Museum of Natural Science

References

1 2 Rauhut, O. W., Heyng, A. M., López-Arbarello, A., & Hecker, A. (2012). A new rhynchocephalian from the Late Jurassic of Germany with a dentition that is unique amongst tetrapods. PLoS ONE, 7(10): e46839.
↑ Schweigert, G. 2007. Ammonite biostratigraphy as a tool for dating Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones from South Germany – first results and open questions." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, 245(1): 117-125. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0117
↑ Stumpf, Sebastian; López‐Romero, Faviel A.; Kindlimann, René; Lacombat, Frederic; Pohl, Burkhard; Kriwet, Jürgen (2021). "A unique hybodontiform skeleton provides novel insights into Mesozoic chondrichthyan life". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (3): 1479–1505. doi:10.1002/spp2.1350. S2CID 234204226.
1 2 "Table 1; Chondrostei; Coccolepidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Table 1; Halecostomi; Pycnodontiformes" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
1 2 Kölbl-Ebert; Ebert; Bellwood; Schulbert, Martina; Martin; David R.; Christian (October 18, 2018). "A Piranha-like Pycnodontiform Fish from the Late Jurassic". Current Biology. 28 (21): 3516–3521.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.013. PMID 30344113. S2CID 53045425.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Table 1; Halecostomi; Macrosemiidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
1 2 "Table 1; Halecostomi; 'Halecostomi inc. sed.'" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Caturidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
1 2 3 4 5 "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Ionoscopidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
1 2 3 4 5 "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Furidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Table 1; Halecomorphi; 'Amiidae' and 'Ophiopsidae'" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Halecomorphi incertae cedis" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
1 2 3 4 "Table 1; Teleostei; Pleuropholidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Table 1; Halecostomi; Pachycormidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
1 2 Note: Lambers abbreviated Pseudoasthenocormus as "Pseudoasth.," "Table 1; Halecostomi; Pachycormidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
1 2 3 4 5 "Table 1; Teleostei; Aspidorhynchidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Table 1; Teleostei; Allothrissopidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
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1 2 3 4 5 "Table 1; Teleostei; Anaethalionidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
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↑ Bever, Gabriel S.; Norell, Mark A. (2017). "A new rhynchocephalian (Reptilia: Lepidosauria) from the Late Jurassic of Solnhofen (Germany) and the origin of the marine Pleurosauridae". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (11): 170570. doi:10.1098/rsos.170570. PMC 5717629. PMID 29291055.
↑ Dupret, V. (2004). The pleurosaurs: anatomy and phylogeny. Revue de Paléobiologie, Vol spéc, 9, 61-80.
↑ Bardet, N., & Fernández, M. (2000). A new ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones of Bavaria. Journal Information, 74(3).
↑ JOYCE, W. G. (2003). A new Late Jurassic turtle specimen and the taxonomy of Palaeomedusa testa and edusa testa Eurysternum wagleri.
↑ Schwarz‐Wings, D., Klein, N., Neumann, C., & Resch, U. (2011). A new partial skeleton of Alligatorellus (Crocodyliformes) associated with echinoids from the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) lithographic limestone of Kelheim, S‐Germany. Fossil Record, 14(2), 195-205.
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↑ Vidovic SU, Martill DM (2014) Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer, 1860 (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Upper Jurassic of Bavaria, Germany: The Problem of Cryptic Pterosaur Taxa in Early Ontogeny. PLoS ONE 9(10): e110646. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110646
↑ Bennett, S.C. (2002). "Soft tissue preservation of the cranial crest of the pterosaur Germanodactylus from Solnhofen." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(1): 43-48.
↑ Jouve, S. (2004). "Description of the skull of a Ctenochasma (Pterosauria) from the latest Jurassic of eastern France, with a taxonomic revision of European Tithonian Pterodactyloidea." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(3): 542-554.
↑ Bennett, S. C. (1995). "A statistical study of Rhamphorhynchus from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: Year-classes of a single large species." Journal of Paleontology, 69: 569-580.
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1 2 Haug, Joachim T.; Haug, Carolin; Maas, Andreas; Kutschera, Verena; Waloszek, Dieter (2010-09-21). "Evolution of mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda, Malacostraca) in the light of new Mesozoic fossils". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 290. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-290. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2955030. PMID 20858249.
1 2 Haug, C.; Haug, J.; Waloszek, D. (2009). "Morphology and ontogeny of the Upper Jurassic mantis shrimp Spinosculda ehrlichi n. gen. n. sp. from southern Germany". Palaeodiversity. 2: 111–118. S2CID 2601897.
1 2 3 Haug, Carolin; Haug, Joachim T. (2021-04-16). "A new fossil mantis shrimp and the convergent evolution of a lobster-like morphotype". PeerJ. 9: e11124. doi:10.7717/peerj.11124. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8054755. PMID 33959413.

General

Lambers, P. H. (1999). The actinopterygian fish fauna of the Late Kimmeridgian and Early Tithonian 'Plattenkalke' near Solnhofen (Bavaria, Germany): state of the art. Geologie en Mijnbouw 78:215-229.

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[rhyncho2012-1] 1 2 Rauhut, O. W., Heyng, A. M., López-Arbarello, A., & Hecker, A. (2012). A new rhynchocephalian from the Late Jurassic of Germany with a dentition that is unique amongst tetrapods. PLoS ONE, 7(10): e46839.

[ammonitedate-2] Schweigert, G. 2007. Ammonite biostratigraphy as a tool for dating Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones from South Germany – first results and open questions." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, 245(1): 117-125. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0117

[3] Stumpf, Sebastian; López‐Romero, Faviel A.; Kindlimann, René; Lacombat, Frederic; Pohl, Burkhard; Kriwet, Jürgen (2021). "A unique hybodontiform skeleton provides novel insights into Mesozoic chondrichthyan life". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (3): 1479–1505. doi:10.1002/spp2.1350. S2CID 234204226.

[lamberstable-chondrostei-4] 1 2 "Table 1; Chondrostei; Coccolepidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-pycnodontiformes-5] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Table 1; Halecostomi; Pycnodontiformes" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[:1-6] 1 2 Kölbl-Ebert; Ebert; Bellwood; Schulbert, Martina; Martin; David R.; Christian (October 18, 2018). "A Piranha-like Pycnodontiform Fish from the Late Jurassic". Current Biology. 28 (21): 3516–3521.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.013. PMID 30344113. S2CID 53045425.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[lamberstable-semionotidae-7] 1 2 3 "Table 1; Halecostomi; Semionotidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-macrosemiidae-8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Table 1; Halecostomi; Macrosemiidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-halecostomi-is-9] 1 2 "Table 1; Halecostomi; 'Halecostomi inc. sed.'" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-caturidae-10] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Caturidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-ionoscopidae-11] 1 2 3 4 5 "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Ionoscopidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-furidae-12] 1 2 3 4 5 "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Furidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-others-13] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Table 1; Halecomorphi; 'Amiidae' and 'Ophiopsidae'" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-halecomorphi-ic-14] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Halecomorphi incertae cedis" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-pleuropholidae-15] 1 2 3 4 "Table 1; Teleostei; Pleuropholidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-pachycormidae-16] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Table 1; Halecostomi; Pachycormidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-pseudoasth-17] 1 2 Note: Lambers abbreviated Pseudoasthenocormus as "Pseudoasth.," "Table 1; Halecostomi; Pachycormidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-aspidorhynchidae-18] 1 2 3 4 5 "Table 1; Teleostei; Aspidorhynchidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-pholidophoridae-19] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Table 1; Teleostei; Pholidophoridae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-allothrissopidae-20] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Table 1; Teleostei; Allothrissopidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-orthogonikleithridae-21] 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Table 1; Teleostei; Orthogonikleithridae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-anaethalionidae-22] 1 2 3 4 5 "Table 1; Teleostei; Anaethalionidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[lamberstable-teleostei-others-23] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Table 1; Teleostei; 'Elopidae,' 'Ostariophysi,' 'Clupeocephala inc. sed.,' 'Elopocephala inc. sed.,' and 'Teleostei inc. sed'" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.

[:0-24] 1 2 3 Conrad, Jack L. (2018-06-28). "A new lizard (Squamata) was the last meal of Compsognathus (Theropoda: Dinosauria) and is a holotype in a holotype". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 183 (3): 584–634. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx055. ISSN 0024-4082.

[25] Rauhut, O. W.; Heyng, A. M.; López-Arbarello, A.; Hecker, A. (2012). "ResearchGate". PLOS ONE. 7 (10): e46839. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046839. PMC 3485277. PMID 23118861.

[26] Bever, Gabriel S.; Norell, Mark A. (2017). "A new rhynchocephalian (Reptilia: Lepidosauria) from the Late Jurassic of Solnhofen (Germany) and the origin of the marine Pleurosauridae". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (11): 170570. doi:10.1098/rsos.170570. PMC 5717629. PMID 29291055.

[pleurosaurs-27] Dupret, V. (2004). The pleurosaurs: anatomy and phylogeny. Revue de Paléobiologie, Vol spéc, 9, 61-80.

[aegirosaurus-28] Bardet, N., & Fernández, M. (2000). A new ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones of Bavaria. Journal Information, 74(3).

[turtles-29] JOYCE, W. G. (2003). A new Late Jurassic turtle specimen and the taxonomy of Palaeomedusa testa and edusa testa Eurysternum wagleri.

[30] Schwarz‐Wings, D., Klein, N., Neumann, C., & Resch, U. (2011). A new partial skeleton of Alligatorellus (Crocodyliformes) associated with echinoids from the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) lithographic limestone of Kelheim, S‐Germany. Fossil Record, 14(2), 195-205.

[hypercarnivory-31] 1 2 3 4 5 De Andrade, M. B., Young, M. T., Desojo, J. B., & Brusatte, S. L. (2010). The evolution of extreme hypercarnivory in Metriorhynchidae (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) based on evidence from microscopic denticle morphology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(5), 1451-1465.

[32] Young MT, Brusatte SL, de Andrade MB, Desojo JB, Beatty BL, et al. (2012) The Cranial Osteology and Feeding Ecology of the Metriorhynchid Crocodylomorph Genera Dakosaurus and Plesiosuchus from the Late Jurassic of Europe. PLoS ONE 7(9): e44985. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044985

[Young&Andrade2009-33] 1 2 3 Young, Mark T., and Marco Brandalise de Andrade, 2009. "What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 157: 551-585.

[latejurassicdistribution-34] 1 2 3 4 Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic, Europe)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 545–549. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

[10th_find-35] Mayr, G.; Phol, B.; Hartman, S.; Peters, D. S. (2007). "The tenth skeletal specimen of Archaeopteryx". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 149: 97–116. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00245.x.

[36] Vidovic SU, Martill DM (2014) Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer, 1860 (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Upper Jurassic of Bavaria, Germany: The Problem of Cryptic Pterosaur Taxa in Early Ontogeny. PLoS ONE 9(10): e110646. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110646

[bennett2002-37] Bennett, S.C. (2002). "Soft tissue preservation of the cranial crest of the pterosaur Germanodactylus from Solnhofen." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(1): 43-48.

[jouve2004-38] Jouve, S. (2004). "Description of the skull of a Ctenochasma (Pterosauria) from the latest Jurassic of eastern France, with a taxonomic revision of European Tithonian Pterodactyloidea." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(3): 542-554.

[bennett1995-39] Bennett, S. C. (1995). "A statistical study of Rhamphorhynchus from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: Year-classes of a single large species." Journal of Paleontology, 69: 569-580.

[cranfield-scaphognathus-40] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Scaphognathus." In: Cranfield, Ingrid (ed.). The Illustrated Directory of Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Creatures. London: Salamander Books, Ltd. Pp. 308-309.

[saccocoma-milsom-41] 1 2 3 Clare V. Milsom. (1994) Saccacoma, a benthic crinoid from the Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone, Germany Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine. Palaeontology 37 (1) 121-129.

[lomax-42] Lomax, Dean R. (2010). "Am Ichthyosaurus (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) with gastric contents from Charmouth, England: First report of the genus from the Pliensbachian" (PDF). Paludicola. Rochester Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology. 8 (1): 22–36. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2011.

[:2-43] 1 2 Keupp, Helmut (July 2007). "Complete ammonoid jaw apparatuses from the Solnhofen plattenkalks: Implications for aptychi function and microphagous feeding of ammonoids". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 245: 93–101. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0093.

[:7-44] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Garassino, Alessandro; Schweigert, Guenter (January 2006). "The Upper Jurassic Solnhofen decapod crustacean fauna: Review of the types from old descriptions. Part I. Infraorders Astacidea, Thalassinidea, and Palinura" (PDF). Memorie della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Milano. 34 (1): 1–64.

[:4-45] Charbonnier, Sylvain; Garassino, Alessandro; Pacaud, Jean-Michel; Schweigert, Günter (December 2012). "Rediscovery of the type material of Eryon cuvieri Desmarest, 1817 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Eryonidae) and nomenclatural consequences". Geodiversitas. 34 (4): 849–855. doi:10.5252/g2012n4a7. ISSN 1280-9659.

[:5-46] 1 2 Haug, Joachim T.; Haug, Carolin; Maas, Andreas; Kutschera, Verena; Waloszek, Dieter (2010-09-21). "Evolution of mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda, Malacostraca) in the light of new Mesozoic fossils". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 290. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-290. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2955030. PMID 20858249.

[:6-47] 1 2 Haug, C.; Haug, J.; Waloszek, D. (2009). "Morphology and ontogeny of the Upper Jurassic mantis shrimp Spinosculda ehrlichi n. gen. n. sp. from southern Germany". Palaeodiversity. 2: 111–118. S2CID 2601897.

[:3-48] 1 2 3 Haug, Carolin; Haug, Joachim T. (2021-04-16). "A new fossil mantis shrimp and the convergent evolution of a lobster-like morphotype". PeerJ. 9: e11124. doi:10.7717/peerj.11124. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8054755. PMID 33959413.

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