Below is a list of unions affiliated with the AFL–CIO. Since the founding of the AFL in 1886, the AFL–CIO and its predecessor bodies have been the dominant labor federation (at least in terms of the number of member workers, if not influence) in the United States. As of 2014, the labor federation had approximately 12.7 million members.[1][2] As of 2015, the AFL–CIO had 56 member unions.[3][4]

Historical context

AFL forms

On December 8, 1886, the five-year-old Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions dissolved itself and became the American Federation of Labor (AFL).[5][6][7][8] In its first half-century, a large number of trade and labor unions formed, joined the AFL, and either merged with other unions or ceased to exist.[5][7][8] Many unions,[5][7][8] particularly those in the construction industry and affiliated building trades,[9] disaffiliated from the AFL for a variety of reasons. Some rejoined; some did not.

Throughout the AFL's history, jurisdictional issues caused a number of disaffiliations.[5][7][8][9][10] In contrast to its early rival, the Knights of Labor, the AFL had adopted a policy of forming and admitting to membership (with a few limited, and notable, exceptions such as the United Mine Workers and Brewery Workers) only craft unions—unions whose membership was limited to workers with a single, narrow skill-set.[5][7][8] But industrialization, with its emphasis on teams rather than individual workers manufacturing a product, disadvantaged craft unions in the drive to organize workers.[5][7][8] A notable example was the effort to unionize the steel industry, where the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers' adherence to craft unionism was a factor in the failure of many unionization drives.[11] Some unions, including some large ones such as the Mine Workers, began advocating for a shift toward industrial unionism, where a union would organize all workers (regardless of skills) in a single company, market, or industry.[12]

CIO splits, 1936–1955

The battle between the craft and industrial union philosophies led to a major membership loss for the AFL in 1935. In the first years of the Great Depression, a number of AFL member unions advocated for a relaxation of the strict "craft union only" membership policy but to no avail.[12][13] In 1932, Mine Workers president John L. Lewis privately proposed to several like-minded union presidents that those unions which wanted to organize workers on an industrial basis form a group to begin to do just that.[14] The group met informally for three years, and lost a number of jurisdictional battles over potential or newly organized workers.[12][13] Eight national unions formally organized themselves into the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) on November 9, 1935.[12][13] On September 10, 1936, the AFL suspended all 10 CIO unions (two more had joined in the previous year) and their four million members.[12][13] In 1938, these unions formed the Congress of Industrial Organizations as a rival labor federation.[12][13]

Over the next 20 years, both the AFL and CIO would lose member unions.[5][8] The AFL would purge some member unions for advocating industrial unionism (notably the United Auto Workers and the United Rubber Workers) or for supporting political philosophies it felt were antithetical to its purposes.[5][8] It also reaffiliated some unions which had joined the CIO.[12] The CIO, for its part, expelled a number of unions in 1948 after concluding they had become infiltrated by Communists (at least one additional union disaffiliated rather than be expelled).[12] Both the AFL and CIO would form new unions to compete with those they had expelled, with varying degrees of success.[5][8][12]

AFL–CIO, 1955–1999

By the early 1950s, however, the disagreement over craft and industrial unionism had largely ceased to exist.[12] In 1955, the AFL and CIO merged to forming a new entity known as the American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL–CIO).[12][15] Over the next five decades, the AFL–CIO continued to gain and lose member unions. After a series of particularly divisive union raids on one another as well as repeated jurisdictional squabbles, the AFL adopted Article 20 of its constitution, which prevented its member unions from raiding one another[16]—a policy retained in the AFL–CIO constitution.[5][8] Theoretically, violation of Article 20 could lead to expulsion, but corruption soon became much more important than jurisdictional issues. After hearings by the Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management led to major revelations regarding the dominance of several AFL-CIO unions by organized crime, new rules were enacted by the AFL–CIO's Executive Council that provided for the removal of vice presidents engaged in corruption as well as the ejection of unions considered corrupt.[17] The labor federation expelled the International Brotherhood of Teamsters on corruption charges on December 6, 1957.[18]

Membership changes continued, albeit at a markedly lower level, throughout the last four decades of the 20th century. On a few occasions, unions in the construction industry disaffiliated and reaffiliated.[9] The most important membership changes, however, occurred in 1968. The United Auto Workers (UAW) disaffiliated from the AFL-CIO on July 1, 1968, after UAW President Walter Reuther and AFL–CIO President George Meany could not come to agreement on a wide range of national public policy issues or on reforms regarding AFL–CIO governance.[19] A few days after the UAW's disaffiliation, the UAW and the Teamsters formed a new labor federation, the Alliance for Labor Action (ALA).[20] Several smaller AFL–CIO unions either joined the ALA and were expelled from the AFL–CIO for dual unionism or disaffiliated and joined the ALA.[21] The ALA was not successful, however, and ceased to exist in January 1972.[22] Over the years, most of the unions which had been expelled or left the AFL–CIO rejoined it. For example, the UAW re-affiliated on July 1, 1981,[23] and the Teamsters did so on October 24, 1987.[24]

21st century

The AFL–CIO saw several disaffiliations in the first decade of the 21st century. The United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America disaffiliated from the AFL–CIO on March 29, 2001, disagreeing with the labor federation's rapid expansion in spending.[25] After lengthy debate and disagreement over dues levels, the governance structure, the leadership, and the philosophy of the AFL–CIO, the Laborers' International Union of North America, Service Employees International Union, Teamsters, UNITE HERE, United Farm Workers, and United Food and Commercial Workers disaffiliated from the AFL–CIO to form the Change to Win, a new national union federation.[26] The Carpenters joined the new federation as well.[27]

After the split, the AFL–CIO gained two new members. The 100,000-member independent California School Employees Association joined the federation in August 2001,[28] and the 65,000-member independent California Nurses Association joined in March 2007.[29] After a lengthy and divisive internal leadership struggle within UNITE HERE, 100,000 members of the union's apparel division disaffiliated from the national union in March 2009, formed a new union called Workers United, and affiliated their union with SEIU.[30] The remaining 265,000 members of UNITE HERE reaffiliated with the AFL–CIO on September 16, 2009.[31]

LIUNA rejoined the AFL–CIO in August 2010.[32] Three years later, UFCW did as well.[33] The National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) was decertified in 2010 as players faced a lockout, but reformed and rejoined the AFL–CIO in 2011.[34] The National Taxi Workers Alliance (also known as the New York Taxi Workers Alliance) affiliated with the AFL–CIO as well. It was the first non-traditional workers' organization to do so since the early 1960s.[35] However, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union disaffiliated from the federation on August 30, 2013, accusing the AFL–CIO of unwillingness to punish other unions when their members crossed ILWU picket lines and over federal legislative policy issues.[36]

AFL–CIO membership criteria

Article III of the AFL–CIO constitution, as amended, addresses membership in the AFL–CIO.[37] Membership is limited to national and international unions and to certain subordinate bodies of the AFL–CIO (such as organizing committees, directly affiliated local unions, departments, and state and local central labor bodies).[38] Article III, Section 4(a) gives the Executive Council (or the President, if the Executive Council so designates) the power to approve new affiliations, and restricts new affiliates to union whose jurisdiction does not conflict with the jurisdiction of existing members (unless the existing members authorize such affiliation).

[39] Article III, Section 4(b) provides for provisional charters and the attaching of conditions to provisional charters.[39] Section 5 declares that charters shall not be revoked without a two-thirds affirmative vote of the convention, and for the restoration of charters upon a two-thirds vote of either the convention or Executive Council.[40] Section 7 provides for the expulsion of member unions if they are "officered, controlled or dominated by persons whose policies and activities are consistently directed toward the achievement of the program or purposes of authoritarianism, totalitarianism, terrorism and other forces that suppress individual liberties and freedom of association".

[41] Article X, Section 8 gives the Executive Council the authority to investigate "any situation in which there is reason to believe that any affiliate is dominated, controlled or substantially influenced in the conduct of its affairs by any corrupt influence" and upon a two-thirds vote suspend any member found to be so influenced.[42] Article X, Section 17 permits the Executive Council to establish a code of ethical conduct for the AFL–CIO, its departments and councils, and its staff; to require member unions to also establish such codes; and upon a two-thirds vote to suspend any member found to be in violation of such codes.[43]

Article III, Section 8, amended in 2005, establishes that it is the official policy of the AFL–CIO to encourage its members with overlapping and/or conflicting jurisdiction to merge, to encourage smaller unions to merge into larger ones, and to encourage member unions to reduce overlapping jurisdiction.[44][45]

Article IV of the AFL–CIO constitution provides for representation of members at the quadrennial convention.[46] Article X of the AFL–CIO constitution provides for an Executive Council, and for representation of members on this council.[47]

Article XI of the AFL–CIO constitution provides for a General Board, and for representation of members on this board.[48]

Currently affiliated unions

This is a list of AFL–CIO affiliated member unions:

Formerly affiliated unions

UnionAbbreviationFounded[49]Affiliated[49]Left[49]Reason left[49]Membership (1957)[50]Membership (1980)[51]
1199 National Health and Human Services Employees' Union193219961998Merged into SEIUN/AN/A
Air Line Dispatchers' AssociationALDA19551977Dissolved550N/A
Aluminum, Brick and Glass Workers' International UnionABG198219821996Merged into USWN/AN/A
Aluminum Workers' International UnionAWIU195319551982Merged into ABG24,00029,000
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of AmericaACWA191419551976Merged into ACTWU385,000N/A
Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers UnionACTWU197619761995Merged into UNITEN/A526,000
Amalgamated Lithographers of AmericaALA191519551958Disaffiliated32,000N/A
Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of North AmericaAMC189719551979Merged into UFCW310,000N/A
American Bakery and Confectionery Workers' International UnionABC195719571969Merged into BCTGMN/AN/A
American Federation of Grain MillersAFGM193619551999Merged into BCTGM39,00035,000
American Federation of Hosiery WorkersAFHW191519551976Merged into ACTWU10,000N/A
American Flint Glass Workers' UnionAFGWU187819552003Merged into USW35,00033,375
American Newspaper GuildANG193319551995Merged into CWA29,00033,518
American Railway and Airway Supervisors' AssociationARASA193419551980Merged into TCU8,0007,054
American Wire Weavers' Protective AssociationWWPA190019551964Suspended431N/A
Association of Flight AttendantsAFA194519842003Merged into CWAN/AN/A
Barbers' and Beauty Culturists' Union of AmericaBBC193919551956Merged into BBAIIAN/AN/A
Barbers, Beauticians and Allied Industries International AssociationBBAIIA188719551980Merged into UFCW72,00040,000
Boot and Shoe Workers' UnionBSWU189519551977Merged into RCIU40,000N/A
Brotherhood of Locomotive EngineersBofLE188319892004Merged into IBTN/AN/A
Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and EnginemenBofLF&E187319561969Merged into UTU97,000N/A
Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way EmployesBMWE188719552004Merged into IBT225,000119,203
Brotherhood of Railroad TrainmenBRT188319571969Merged into UTU217,462N/A
Brotherhood of Railway CarmenBRC189019551986Merged into TCU129,80493,737
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car PortersBSCP192519551978Merged into TCU10,000N/A
California Nurses AssociationCNA190320072009Merged into NNAN/AN/A
Cigar Makers' International UnionCMIU186419552003Merged into RWDSU8,046
Coopers' International Union of North AmericaCIUNA186419551992Merged into GMP3,9001,056
Distillery, Wine and Allied Workers' International UnionDWAW194019551996Merged into UFCW25,00026,600
Flight Engineers' International AssociationFEIA194819552000Dissolved2,3001,720
Glass Bottle Blowers' AssociationGBBA189519551982Merged into GPPAW51,65081,000
Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers International UnionGMPIU198819882018Merged into USWN/AN/A
Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers' International UnionGPPAW198219821988Merged into GMPN/AN/A
Granite Cutters' International Association of AmericaGCIA187719551980Merged into TMT4,000N/A
Graphic Arts International UnionGAIU197219721983Merged into GCIUN/A88,837
Graphic Communications International UnionGCIU198319832005Merged into IBTN/AN/A
Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees UnionHERE189119552004Merged into UNITE HERE441,000403,890
Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of AmericaIUMSWA193319551988Merged into IAM40,00025,000
Insurance Agents' International UnionIAIU195119551959Merged into IWIU11,000N/A
Insurance Workers' International UnionIWIU195919591983Merged into UFCWN/A20,000
Insurance Workers of AmericaIWA195019551959Merged into IWIU13,000N/A
International Alliance of Bill Posters, Billers and Distributors of the United States and CanadaBPBD190219551977Dissolved1,600N/A
International Association of Cleaning and Dye House WorkersCDHW193719551956Merged into LWIUN/AN/A
International Association of SiderographersIAS189919551992Merged into IAM4515
International Broom and Whisk Makers' UnionBWM189319551962Dissolved380N/A
International Brotherhood of Firemen and OilersIBFO189819552008Merged into SEIU50,00043,000
International Brotherhood of LongshoremenIBL195319551959Merged into ILA30,000N/A
International Brotherhood of Pottery and Allied WorkersIBPAW189019551982Merged into GPPAW26,00016,938
International Brotherhood of PapermakersIBP190219551957Merged into UPPN/AN/A
International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite, and Paper Mill WorkersIBPSPMW190619551972Merged into UPIU165,000N/A
International Brotherhood of TeamstersIBT190319552005Transferred to CtW1,368,0821,923,896
International Chemical Workers' UnionICWU194019551996Merged into UFCW84,29965,800
International Glove Workers' Union of AmericaIGWUA190219551961Merged into ACTWU3,100N/A
International Jewelry Workers' UnionIJWU191619551980Merged into SEIU32,0009,500
International Ladies Garment Workers UnionILGWU190019551995Merged into UNITE450,802348,380
International Leather Goods, Plastic and Novelty Workers' UnionILGPNWU193719551996Merged into SEIU31,70027,000
International Longshore and Warehouse UnionILWU193719882013DisaffiliatedN/AN/A
International Molders and Allied Workers UnionIMAWU185919551988Merged into GMP72,59366,449
International Photo-Engravers Union of North AmericaIPEU190419551964Merged into LPIU16,739N/A
International Printing and Graphics Communications UnionIPGCU197319731983Merged into GCIUN/A120,000
International Printing Pressmen and Assistants' Union of North AmericaIPPU188919551973Merged into IPGCU104,000N/A
International Stereotypers' and Electrotypers' UnionISEU190219551973Merged into IPGCU13,577N/A
International Typographical UnionITU185219551987Merged into CWA99,17988,876
International Union, Allied Industrial Workers of AmericaAIW193519551994Merged into UPIU80,00090,686
International Union of United Brewery, Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink and Distillery WorkersIUB188619551973Merged into IBT62,000N/A
International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine WorkersIUE194919552000Merged into CWA397,412255,427
International Union of Journeymen Horseshoers of the United States and CanadaIUJAT187419552002Merged into USW260400
International Union of Wood, Wire and Metal LathersWWML189919551979Merged into UBC16,500N/A
International Woodworkers of AmericaIWA193719551994Merged into IAM98,517117,691
Journeymen Stonecutters' Association of North AmericaJSANA190719551968Merged into LIUNA1,900N/A
Laundry Workers' International UnionLWIU190019551957Suspended90,000N/A
Leather Workers' International Union of AmericaLWU195519551992Merged into OPEIU5,7432,110
Lithographers' and Photoengravers' International UnionLPIU196419641972Merged into GAIUN/AN/A
Mechanics Educational Society of AmericaMESA193319551997Merged into UAW49,42325,000
Metal Polishers', Buffers', Platers' and Allied Workers' International UnionMPBP189219551996Merged into IBB25,00010,000
National Agricultural Workers' UnionNAWU1934195519704,500N/A
National Association of Broadcast Employees and TechniciansNABET193419551994Merged into CWA5,1007,300
National Association of Master Mechanics and Foremen of Naval Shore EstablishmentsNAMMFNSE193319551964Disaffiliated556N/A
National Association of Post Office and Postal Transportation Service Mail Handlers, Watchmen and MessengersPOMH191219551968Merged into LIUNA9,000N/A
National Association of Post Office and General Services Maintenance EmployeesNAPOGSME193719661971Merged into APWUN/AN/A
National Federation of Post Office ClerksNFPOC190619551961Merged into UFPC97,052N/A
National Federation of Post Office Motor Vehicle EmployeesNFPOMVE192419581971Merged into APWUN/AN/A
National Association of Special Delivery MessengersSDM193219551971Merged into APWU2,000N/A
National Maritime Union of AmericaNMU193719552001Merged into SIU40,00050,000
National Postal Transport AssociationNPTA189819551961Merged into UFPC26,800N/A
National Union of Hospital and Health Care EmployeesNUHHCE197319841989DisaffiliatedN/AN/A
Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International UnionOCAW191719551999Merged into PACE183,000180,000
Order of Railroad TelegraphersORT188619551969Merged into TCU65,267N/A
Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International UnionPACE199919992005Merged into USWN/AN/A
Pattern Makers' League of North AmericaPMLNA188719551991Merged into IAM15,0009,600
Radio and Television Directors' GuildRTDG194719551960Merged into DGA800N/A
Railroad Yardmasters of AmericaRYA191219551985Merged into UTU4,6104,701
Railway Patrolmen's International UnionRPIU194919551969Merged into TCU3,201N/A
Retail Clerks International UnionRCIU189019551979Merged into UFCW300,000N/A
Retail, Wholesale and Department Store UnionRWDSU193719551993Merged into UFCW117,668198,000
Service Employees International UnionSEIU192119552005Transferred to CtW230,000625,000
Sheet Metal Workers' International AssociationSMWIA188819552014Merged into SMART50,000158,528
Stove, Furnace and Allied Appliance Workers' International Union of North AmericaSFAW189419551994Merged into IBB9,1836,400
Switchmen's Union of North AmericaSUNA189419551964Merged into UTU18,800N/A
Textile Workers Union of AmericaTWUA193919551976Merged into ACTWU202,700N/A
Tile, Marble, Terrazzo, Finishers', Shopworkers' and Granite Cutters' International UnionTMT190119551988Merged into UBC8,2009,300
Tobacco Workers International UnionTWIU189519551978Merged into BCTGM34,686N/A
Transportation Communications International UnionTCU189919552012Merged into IAM350,000201,083
Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile EmployeesUNITE199519952004Merged into UNITE HEREN/AN/A
United American NursesUAN199920012009Merged into NNUN/AN/A
United Brick and Clay Workers of AmericaUBCWA191719551981Merged into ABG15,000
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of AmericaUBC186719552001Disaffiliated850,000780,398
United Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers International UnionUCLGWIU193919551984Merged into IBB40,00036,800
United Farm Workers of AmericaUFW196219722006Transferred to CtWN/A25,000
United Federation of Postal ClerksUFPC196119611971Merged into APWUN/AN/A
United Furniture Workers of AmericaUFWA193719551987Merged into IUE50,00027,042
United Garment Workers of AmericaUGWA189119551994Merged into UFCW40,00031,000
United Glass and Ceramics Workers of North AmericaUGCWNA193719551982Merged into ABG53,00034,539
United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers International UnionUHCMW193419551983Merged into ACTWU40,00010,000
United Packinghouse Workers of AmericaUPWA194319551968Merged into AMC150,000N/A
United Papermakers and PaperworkersUPP195719571972Merged into UPIU130,000N/A
United Paperworkers of AmericaUPA194419551957Merged into UPPN/AN/A
United Paperworkers' International UnionUPIU197219721999Merged into PACEN/A284,329
United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum, and Plastic Workers of AmericaURW193519551995Merged into USW178,017199,990
United Shoe Workers of AmericaUSWA193719551979Merged into ACTWA60,000N/A
United Stone and Allied Products Workers of AmericaUSAPWA190319551970Merged into USW13,260N/A
United Telegraph WorkersUTW190319551986Merged into CWA32,00011,466
United Textile Workers of AmericaUTW190119551996Merged into UFCW100,00040,000
United Transportation UnionUTU196919692014Merged into SMARTN/A175,500
United Transport Service Employees of AmericaUTSEA194219551972Merged into TCIU6,500N/A
United Wall Paper Craftsmen and Workers of North AmericaUWPC192319551958Merged into IBPSPMW1,500N/A
Upholsterers International Union of North AmericaUIU188219551985Merged into USW55,56948,920
Window Glass Cutters' League of AmericaWCGLA191719551975Merged into GBBA1,600N/A

Disaffiliated and re-affiliated

  • International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT or Teamsters) – expelled by AFL–CIO in 1957 for corruption; re-affiliated with AFL–CIO in 1987; disaffiliated in 2005 and became founding member union of Change to Win
  • Laborers' International Union of North America (LIUNA) – founding member union of Change to Win in 2005, but re-affiliated with the AFL–CIO in 2010
  • UNITE HERE – founding member union of Change to Win in 2005, but re-affiliated with the AFL–CIO in 2009
  • United Auto Workers (UAW) – disaffiliated in 1968 to form the Alliance for Labor Action with the Teamsters, re-affiliated in 1981
  • United Food and Commercial Workers – founding member union of Change to Win in 2005, but re-affiliated with the AFL–CIO in 2013

See also

References

  1. ↑ US Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-106. Report submitted September 26, 2014.
  2. ↑ Form LM-2 Labor Organization Annual Report. AFL-CIO National Headquarters. File Number 000-106. June 30, 2008. Archived July 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2009-09-19
  3. ↑ "AFL-CIO". Annenberg Public Policy Center. June 17, 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  4. ↑ "AFL-CIO Unions". AFL–CIO. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dubofsky, Melvyn and Dulles, Foster Rhea. Labor in America: A History. 6th ed. Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1999. ISBN 0-88295-979-4
  6. ↑ Foner, Philip. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 1: From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Federation of Labor. New York: International Publishers, 1947. ISBN 0-7178-0089-X
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 2: From the Founding of the American Federation of Labor to the Emergence of American Imperialism. New York: International Publishers, 1955. ISBN 0-7178-0092-X
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rayback, Joseph G. A History of American Labor. Rev. and exp. ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1966. ISBN 0-02-925850-2
  9. 1 2 3 Palladino, Grace. Skilled Hands, Strong Spirits: A Century of Building Trades History. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8014-4320-2
  10. ↑ Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 3: The Policies and Practices of the American Federation of Labor, 1900–1909. Paperback ed. New York: International Publishers, 1964. ISBN 0-7178-0389-9; Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 4: Industrial Workers of the World. Paperback ed. New York: International Publishers, 1965. ISBN 0-7178-0396-1; Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 5: The AFL in the Progressive Era, 1910–1915. Paperback ed. New York: International Publishers, 1980. ISBN 0-7178-0562-X; Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 8: Postwar Struggles, 1918–1920. Paperback ed. New York: International Publishers, 1988. ISBN 0-7178-0652-9
  11. ↑ Brody, David. Steelworkers in America: The Nonunion Era. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1969. ISBN 0-252-06713-4; Brody, David. "The Origins of Modern Steel Unionism: The SWOC Era." In Forging a Union of Steel: Philip Murray, SWOC, and the United Steelworkers. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1987. ISBN 0-87546-134-4
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Galenson, Walter. The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960. ISBN 0-674-13150-9; Phelan, Craig. William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1989. ISBN 0-88706-871-5; Zieger, Robert H. The CIO 1935-1955. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8078-2182-9
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Bernstein, Irving. The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941. Paperback ed. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1970. ISBN 0-395-11778-X
  14. ↑ Dubofsky, Melvyn and Van Tine, Warren. John L. Lewis: A Biography. Reprint ed. Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-252-01287-7
  15. ↑ Goldberg, Arthur J. AFL–CIO: Labor United. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956.
  16. ↑ Levey, "Union Raiding Ban Drafted By A.F.L.," New York Times, August 14, 1954.
  17. ↑ Loftus, Joseph A. "Meany Summons Council to Weigh Beck Suspension." New York Times. April 17, 1956; Raskin, A.H. "Meany Wins Round Against Underworld." New York Times. April 29, 1956; Loftus, Joseph A. "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Votes to Curb Rackets." New York Times. August 30, 1956; Loftus, Joseph A. "Union Questioned On Hiding of Data." New York Times. January 18, 1957.
  18. ↑ "A.F.L.-C.I.O. to Go Ahead With Expulsion of Teamsters." New York Times. December 4, 1957; Raskin, A.H. "Meany Will Drop Teamster Ouster If Hoffa Gets Out." New York Times. December 5, 1957; "Teamsters Await Expulsion Today." New York Times. December 6, 1957; Raskin, A.H. "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Ousts Teamsters Union By Vote of 5 to 1." New York Times. December 7, 1957.
  19. ↑ Lichtenstein, Nelson. The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1995. ISBN 0-252-06626-X
  20. ↑ Janson, Donald. "U.A.W. and Teamsters Form Alliance." New York Times. July 24, 1968; Stetson, Damon. "2 Biggest Unions Set Up Alliance." New York Times. May 27, 1969; "Mr. Clean and the Outcast." Time. June 6, 1969.
  21. ↑ "Chemical Workers Join Reuther Group." United Press International. September 19, 1968; Stetson, Damon. "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Expels the Chemical Workers for Ties to Reuther." New York Times. October 4, 1969; Stetson, Damon. "Local Union of Retail Workers Is Near Split With Parent Body." New York Times. March 21, 1969; "New Union Is Formed." Associated Press. May 25, 1969.
  22. ↑ Salpuka, Agis. "U.A.W., in Debt, Halts Funds For Alliance With Teamsters." New York Times. July 6, 1971; Salpuka, Agis. "A Labor Alliance to Be Dissolved." New York Times. January 25, 1972.
  23. ↑ Peterson, Iver. "After 13 Years, Auto Union Joins A.F.L.-C.I.O. Again." New York Times. July 2, 1981.
  24. ↑ Noble, Kenneth. "Teamsters Gain A Readmittance to A.F.L.-C.I.O." New York Times. October 25, 1987.
  25. ↑ "Carpenters’ Union Cuts Ties With AFL-CIO Over Direction." Las Vegas Sun. March 30, 2001; Bernstein, Aaron. "A Mutiny in the AFL-CIO." BusinessWeek. March 29, 2001.
  26. ↑ SEIU and the Teamsters left in July 2005. UFCW left in August 2005. UNITE HERE disaffiliated in September 2005. The Farm Workers disaffiliated on January 1, 2006. The Laborers left on May 21, 2006. See: Amber, Michelle and Bologna, Michael. "Departure of SEIU, Teamsters Creates Split Within AFL-CIO on Convention's Opening Day." Labor Relations Week. July 28, 2005; "UFCW Becomes Third Union to Leave AFL-CIO in One Week." Labor Relations Week. August 4, 2005; "UNITE HERE Disaffiliates From AFL-CIO, Citing Differences Over Organizing, Politics." Labor Relations Week. September 15, 2005; "Laborers Plan to Leave AFL-CIO." Wall Street Journal. September 24, 2005; "Organized Labor Fails to Heal Rift." Associated Press. April 25, 2006; "Laborers Union Breaks Free From AFL-CIO." Associated Press. May 22, 2006.
  27. ↑ "Carpenters Joins Five AFL-CIO Unions in Coalition to Rebuild Labor Movement." Labor Relations Week. June 30, 2005.
  28. ↑ "Union of California School Workers Votes for AFL-CIO Affiliation." Associated Press. August 1, 2001.
  29. ↑ Greenhouse, Steven. "California: Nurses' Union Joins A.F.L.-C.I.O." New York Times. March 10, 2007.
  30. ↑ Greenhouse, Steve. "Union Dissidents Vote to Secede and Realign." New York Times. March 23, 2009; Greenhouse, Steven. "Infighting Distracts Unions at Crucial Time." New York Times. July 8, 2009.
  31. ↑ Greenhouse, Steve. "Union Rejoining A.F.L.-C.I.O." New York Times. September 17, 2009; Stutz, Howard. "Culinary Parent UNITE HERE Rejoins AFL-CIO, Ending Four-Year Separation." Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 18, 2009.
  32. ↑ Trottman, Melanie. "LIUNA Move to Rejoin AFL-CIO Is Win for Trumka." Wall Street Journal. August 16, 2010.
  33. ↑ "AFL-CIO Wins Back United Food and Commercial Workers." Wall Street Journal. August 8, 2013.
  34. ↑ Jamieson, Dave. "NFL Players Union Rejoins AFL-CIO." Huffington Post. August 29, 2011. Accessed 2013-09-01.
  35. ↑ Massey, Daniel. "City Taxi Drivers' Organization Joins AFL-CIO." Crain's New York Business. October 20, 2011. Accessed 2013-09-01.
  36. ↑ "Longshore Union Pulls Out of National AFL-CIO." Associated Press. August 31, 2013. Archived April 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-08-31.
  37. ↑ Article III: Affiliates. Constitution of the AFL–CIO. Archived 2005-09-03 at the Library of Congress Web Archives Accessed 2009-09-19.
  38. ↑ Article III, Section 1, Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  39. 1 2 Article III, Section 4(a), Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  40. ↑ Article III, Section 5, Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  41. ↑ Article III, Section 7, Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  42. ↑ Article X, Section 8 Archived 2005-09-03 at the Library of Congress Web Archives, Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  43. ↑ Article X, Section 17 Archived 2005-09-03 at the Library of Congress Web Archives, Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  44. ↑ Article III, Section 8, Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  45. ↑ "AFL-CIO Leaders Endorse Plan to Create Coordinating Bodies for Contracts, Organizing." Labor Relations Week. July 14, 2005; "Executive Council Approves Plan, Budget to Increase Support for Organizing, Politics." Labor Relations Week. June 30, 2005.
  46. ↑ Article IV: Convention. Constitution of the AFL–CIO. Archived 2005-09-03 at the Library of Congress Web Archives Accessed 2009-09-19.
  47. ↑ Article X: Executive Council. Constitution of the AFL–CIO. Archived 2005-09-03 at the Library of Congress Web Archives Accessed 2009-09-19.
  48. ↑ Article XI: General Board. Constitution of the AFL–CIO. Archived 2005-09-03 at the Library of Congress Web Archives Accessed 2009-09-19.
  49. 1 2 3 4 "Inactive Organizations" (PDF). UMD Labor Collections. University of Maryland. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  50. ↑ Directory of National and International Labor Unions in the United States (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Labor. 1957. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  51. ↑ Directory of National Unions and Employee Associations (PDF). Washington DC: United States Department of Labor. 1980. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.