The kings of Dumnonia were the rulers of the large Brythonic kingdom of Dumnonia in the south-west of Great Britain during the Sub-Roman and early medieval periods.

A list of Dumnonian kings is one of the hardest of the major Dark Age kingdoms to accurately compile, as it is confused by Arthurian legend, complicated by strong associations with the kings of Wales and Brittany, and obscured by the Saxon advance. Therefore, this list should be treated with caution.

Dumnonian kings

The original Celtic chiefs of the Dumnonii ruled in the south-west corner of the British Isles until faced with the arrival of the Romans in their territory in c. AD 55, when the Romans established a legionary fortress at Isca Dumnoniorum (modern Exeter). Although subjugated by c. AD 78, the civitas Dumnoniorum was among the regions of Roman Britain least affected by Roman influence.[1] Known as Caer Uisc, Exeter was inhabited by Dumnonian Britons until c. 936, when King Athelstan expelled them.[2] Several other royal residences may also have served the kings of Dumnonia or Cornwall, including Tintagel and Cadbury Castle.

Legendary 'Dukes of Cornwall' recorded by Geoffrey of Monmouth
  • Caradoc (c. 290 – c. 305)
  • Donault, brother of Caradoc (c. 305 – c. 340)
Presumed kings appearing in the ancestries of later monarchs
  • Conan Meriadoc ap Gereint, '"Conan the Merry" (c. 340 – c. 387)
  • Gadeon ap Conan (c. 387 – c. 390)
  • Guoremor ap Gadeon (c. 387 – c. 400)
  • Tutwal ap Guoremor (c. 400 – c. 410)
  • Conomor ap Tutwal (c. 410 – c. 435)
  • Constantine Corneu ap Conomar, "Constantine of Cornwall" (c. 435 – c. 443)
Kings recorded in Welsh records and literature
William of Malmesbury
Possible rulers given in the early 17th-century Book of Baglan as ancestors of an 'Earl of Cornwall'[4]
Kings recorded in Anglo-Saxon sources
Breton Princes of Armorican Dumnonia, from the Life of Saint Winnoc;

see also Domnonée. (The earlier portion follows the Dumnonian line beginning with Gereint, Cado, Erbin, Guitol ap Gradlon, Marchell, and Riothamus[5])

  • Riwal (510–520)
  • Deroch (520–535), son of Riwal
  • Iona (535–540), son of Deroch
  • Judual (Judwal), son of Iona (540–545)
  • Conomor (540–555), count of Poher, first regent, then usurper, possibly Mark of Cornwall
  • Judwal (555–580, re-established)
  • Judaël (580–605), older son of Judwal
  • Haëloc (605–610), younger son of Judaël
  • Saint Judicael (r. 610–640, † 647/652), elder son of Judaël, abdicated
  • Judoc (r. 640–640, † 669), younger son of Judaël, renounced the throne
  • Saint Winnoc (r. 640, † 717), possibly a son of Judicael, renounced the throne.

Native tradition

Susan Pearce views the only native 4th- to 7th-century Dumnonian rulers known to history as:

Pearce identifies Constantine with the Constantine mentioned by Gildas, anchoring his reign to the 6th century, and giving later dates for the reigns of Erbin, Geraint, and Cadwy.[6]

Cornish kings

King Doniert's Stone, located near St Cleer, Bodmin Moor, commemorates King Dungarth/Donyarth/Doniert.

By the end of the 8th century, Dumnonia was much reduced in size by the advance of the West Saxons and the remaining territory became a rump state in Cornwall.

Recorded in Old Welsh documents, Saints' Lives and in local and Arthurian tradition
In records open to interpretation
The Book of Baglan

An early 17th century pedigree of a so-called 'Earl of Cornwall' in the Book of Baglan may possibly represent a list of rulers in Cornwall.[4]

  • Ithel Eiddyn ap Donyarth (Ithel the Rock) (c.710–c.715)
  • Dyfnwal Boifunall ap Ithel (Dyfnwal of Boifunall) (fl. c.730s)
  • Cawrdolli ap Dyfnwal (fl. c.750s)
  • Oswallt ap Cawrdolli (fl. c.770s)
  • Hernam ap Oswallt (fl. c.790s)
  • Hopkin ap Hernam (fl. c.810s)
  • Mordaf ap Hopkin (fl. c.830s)
  • Fferferdyn ap Mordaf (fl. c.850s)
  • Donyarth (c.865–c.876)
  • Eluid ap Fferferdyn (fl. c.880s)
  • Alanorus ap Eluid (fl. c.890s)
Others

Cornish earls

If he is not to be identified with Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, the singularly recorded Huwal could have been the last native king. Some of the later supposed rulers listed below are given the title 'Earl of Cornwall'.

  • Conan (c.926–c.937)
  • Rolope ap Alanorus (fl. c.940s)
  • Vortegyn Helin ap Rolope (Vortegyn the High Lord) (fl. c.960s) as 'Duke of Cornwall and Wessex'
  • Veffyne ap Vortegyn (fl. c.980s) as 'Duke of Cornwall and Wessex'
  • Alured ap Veffyne (fl. c.1000s) as 'Duke of Cornwall and Wessex'
  • Godwyn ap Alured (fl. c.1010) as 'Duke of Cornwall and Wessex', possibly Godwin, Earl of Wessex
  • Herbert FitzGodwyn (fl. c.1050)
  • Condor of Cornwall (pre-1066–c.1068; probably legendary[10])
  • Robert, Comte de Mortain (c.1068–c.1084)
  • William FitzRobert (c.1084–c.1106) (opposed by Cadoc ap Cador)
  • Cadoc (fl. c.1100; probably legendary[10])

References

  1. Todd (1987), p.216.
  2. Snyder (2003), p.169.
  3. Edward Huttom, London, 1919, Highways and Byways of Somerset, p.156.
  4. 1 2 Williams, John. Llyfr Baglan: or The Book of Baglan. Compiled Between the Years 1600 and 1607. Edited by Joseph Alfred Bradney. London: Mitchell, Hughes and Clarke, 1910. p. 80
  5. "Kingdoms of Armorican Celts - Domnonia".
  6. Pearce, Susan (1971). "The Traditions of the Royal King-List of Dumnonia". Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
  7. The Anglo-Saxon Episcopate of Cornwall: With Some Account of the Bishops of Crediton; by Edward Hoblyn Pedler (1856)
  8. Philip Payton. (1996). Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates
  9. Ann Williams et al. (1991). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. London: Seaby
  10. 1 2 3 Payton, Philip (2017). "Anglia et Cornubia". Cornwall: A History (Revised and Updated ed.). Exeter: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-0-85989-232-2.
  11. Bevis, Trevor (1981). Hereward, together with De Gestis Herewardi Saxonis. Pub. March: Westrydale Press, ISBN 0-901680-16-8. P. 13.

Sources

  • Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22260-X.
  • Todd, Malcolm (1987). The South West to AD 1000. A Regional History of England. Longman. ISBN 0-582-49274-2.

Further reading

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