Haplophrentis

This list of hyoliths is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera from the fossil record that have ever been considered to be members of hyolitha, excluding purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomina dubia), or were not formally published (nomina nuda), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered hyoliths.

Naming conventions and terminology

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

  • Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
  • Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.
  • Nomen oblitum (Latin for "forgotten name"): A name that has not been used in the scientific community for more than fifty years after its original proposal.
  • Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
  • Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.

The list

Genus Authors Year Status Age Location Notes

Adyshevitheca

Aimitus

Aldanotheca

Allatheca

Altaicornus

Ambrolinevitus

Amydaicornus

Anabaricornus

Ancheilotheca

Angusticornus

Antiquatheca

Arathecus

Asijatheca

Atdabanithes

Bactrotheca

Bolitheca

Borealicornus

Brevilabiatus

Bucanotheca

Burithes

Calcitheca

Camerotheca

Carinitheca

Carinolithes

Cavernolites

Ceratotheca

Chelsonella

Circotheca

Cobboldiella

Conotheca

Contitheca

Costatheca

Crestjahitus

Crossbitheca

Cupitheca

Probably an orthothecid[1]

Curtitheca

Decipilites

Decoritheca

Devoniotheca

Dilites

Diplotheca

Doescherina

Doliutus

Dorsojugatus

Dorsolinevitus

Ebianotheca

Egdetheca

Elegantilites

Emarites

Ensitheca

Eonovitatus

Erraticornus

Eumorpholites

Exilitheca

Extentitheca

Firmicornus

Foersteotheca

Galicornus

Globorilus

Globoritubulus

Gompholites

Goniocornus

Gracilitheca

Grandicornus

Grantitheca

Hallotheca

Haplophrentis

Helenia

Holmitheca

Hyolithes

Hyptiotheca

Inflaticornus

Ingolitotheca

Insignicornus

Isititheca

Jacuticornus

Jacutolitus

Joachimilites

Ketemecornus

Khetatheca

Korilithes

Kotuyitheca

Kugdatheca

Kunyangotheca

Kuonamkicornus

Kygmaeoceras

Ladatheca

Laratheca

Laticornus

Leibotheca

Lenalitus

Lenatheca

Lentitheca

Leolites

Linevitus

Lirotheca

Loculitheca

Lophotheca

Macrotheca

The largest hyoliths, exceeding 20 cm in linear dimension[2]

Majatheca

Malykanotheca

Meitanovitus

Micatheca

Microcornus

Minitheca

Mojczatheca

Mooritheca

Neobactrotheca

Neogloborilus

Neopauxillites

Nephrotheca

Nervolites

Nevadotheca

Nikatheca

Nitoricornus

Notabilitus

Novakotheca

Novitatus

Obliquatheca

Oblisicornus

Oboedalites

Orthotheca

Ovalitheca

Oxytus

Panitheca

Parahyolithes

Parakorilithes

Parkula

Patholites

Pauxillites

Pedunculotheca

With a (disputed) pedicle[3][4][5]

Persicitheca

Petasotheca

Planotheca

Plicitheca

Pseudotoxeuma

Pterigotheca

Quadrotheca

Quinquelithes

Rarissimetus

Recilites

Renitheca

Rodentilites

Semielliptotheca

Slapylites

Sokolovitheca

Spinulitheca

Stimulitheca

Sulcagloborilus

Sulcavitus

Tajinella

Tcharatheca

Tchuranitheca

Tetratheca

Tizilites

Toxeumorphora

Trapezotheca

Trapezovitus

Tulenicornus

Tuojdachithes

Turcutheca

Uniformitheca

Virgatotheca

Virgulaxonaria

Xiadongtubulus

Yacutolithuus

Yankongovitus

See also

References

  1. Skovsted, Christian B.; Pan, Bing; Topper, Timothy P.; Betts, Marissa J.; Li, Guoxiang; Brock, Glenn A. (2016). "The operculum and mode of life of the lower Cambrian hyolith Cupitheca from South Australia and North China". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 443: 123–130. Bibcode:2016PPP...443..123S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.11.042.
  2. Vermeij, Geerat J. (January 2016). Raia, Pasquale (ed.). "Gigantism and its implications for the history of life". PLOS ONE. 11 (1): e0146092. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1146092V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146092. PMC 4714876. PMID 26771527.
  3. Sun, Hai-Jing; Smith, Martin Ross; Zeng, Han; Zhao, Fang-Chen; Li, Guo-Xiang; Zhu, Mao-Yan (2018). "Hyoliths with pedicles illuminate the origin of the brachiopod body plan". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1887): 20181780. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1780. PMC 6170810. PMID 30257914.
  4. Liu, Fan; Skovsted, Christian B.; Topper, Timothy P.; Zhang, Zhifei; Shu, Degan (2020). "Are hyoliths Palaeozoic lophophorates?". National Science Review. 7 (2): 453–469. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwz161. PMC 8289160.
  5. Smith, Martin R. (February 2020). "Finding a home for hyoliths". National Science Review. 7 (2): 470–471. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwz194. PMC 8288929.
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