The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II includes 164 teams. Each team has one head coach.[1] As of the upcoming 2023 season, Division II is composed of sixteen conferences: the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA), Great Midwest Athletic Conference (G-MAC), Great American Conference (GAC), Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC), Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC), Gulf South Conference (GSC), independents, Lone Star Conference (LSC), Mountain East Conference (MEC), Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA), Northeast-10 Conference (NE-10), Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference (NSIC), Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference (PSAC), Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC), South Atlantic Conference (SAC), and the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC).

As of the start of the 2023 season, the longest-tenured coach in Division II is expected to be Tim Clifton of Mars Hill, who has been head coach at the school since 1993. In all, 34 Division II programs will have new head coaches in 2023.

Conference affiliations are current for the upcoming 2023 season. Records are current as of 5pm, 12/21/23.

Coaches

Team Conference Head coach First season W L W% W L W% Offensive coordinator(s) Defensive coordinator(s) Special teams coordinator(s)
Current Career
Bluefield State Big Blues CIAA Vacant 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Bowie State Bulldogs CIAA Kyle Jackson 2022 12 8 .600 12 8 .600 Matt Goggans Avery Williams Mike Andrews
Elizabeth City State Vikings CIAA Marcus Hilliard 2022 5 15 .250 5 15 .250 Vacant David Castillo Vacant
Fayetteville State Broncos CIAA Richard Hayes Jr. 2016 49 24 .671 49 24 .671 Calvin Randall Dominic Anderson None
Johnson C. Smith Golden Bulls CIAA Maurice Flowers 2022 9 10 .474 16 15 .516 None Barry Tripp / Chi-Emeke Worthington James Lott
Lincoln Lions CIAA Frank Turner 2023 4 6 .400 4 6 .400 Tom Manley Demetrie McCray Alex Plasko
Livingstone Blue Bears CIAA Sean Gilbert 2020 9 20 .310 9 20 .310 Vacant Mark Williams / Michael Austin Vacant
St. Augustine's Falcons CIAA Vacant 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Shaw Bears CIAA Adrian Jones 2016 29 41 .414 29 41 .414 Toryeon Hester Gilbert Wiggins Ronald Conyers
Virginia State Trojans CIAA Henry Frazier III 2022 14 6 .700 91 74 .552 Lamar Manigo Carlos Fields John Pearce
Virginia Union Panthers CIAA Alvin Parker 2018 40 13 .755 40 13 .755 Luke Bengston Edward Pointer Diego Ryland
Winston-Salem State Rams CIAA Robert Massey 2019 14 24 .368 30 68 .306 Vacant Markus McElveen Eric Brown
Ashland Eagles G-MAC Doug Geiser 2023 9 3 .750 9 3 .750 Tom Stacy Tim Rose None
Findlay Oilers G-MAC Kory Allen 2022 14 8 .636 14 8 .636 Kyle Ohradzansky Thomas Rebholz Morgan Loyd
Hillsdale Chargers G-MAC Nate Shreffler 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Kentucky Wesleyan Panthers G-MAC Tyrone Young 2022 6 16 .273 6 16 .273 None Brandon Frase JeMichael Williams
Lake Erie Storm G-MAC David Price 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Cody Cruzen Vacant
Northwood Timberwolves G-MAC Dustin Beurer 2023 5 6 .455 34 11 .756 Jason Miran Justin Sweeney E. J. Arnold
Ohio Dominican Panthers G-MAC Kelly Cummings 2016 52 28 .650 52 28 .650 BJ Coad Vacant None
Thomas More Saints G-MAC Chris Norwell 2022 10 12 .455 10 12 .455 Bryan Moore Brad Zink Devon Fisher
Tiffin Dragons G-MAC Brett Ekkens 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Walsh Cavaliers G-MAC John Fankhauser 2018 14 44 .241 14 44 .241 Jim Purtill Mark Johnston None
Arkansas–Monticello Boll Weevils GAC Hud Jackson 2011 44 88 .333 44 88 .333 Josh Qualls Tristan Speer None
Arkansas Tech Wonder Boys GAC Kyle Shipp 2019 17 27 .386 17 27 .386 Dom Mirocke Kendrick Van Ackeren Aaron Archie
East Central Tigers GAC John Litrenta 2023 3 8 .273 3 8 .273 Vacant Jake Shaw Jeremy Smith
Harding Bisons GAC Paul Simmons 2017 65 13 .831 64 13 .831 None Roddy Mote / Luke Tribble Luke Tribble
Henderson State Reddies GAC Scott Maxfield 2005 134 65 .673 134 65 .673 Andrew Loudenback Greg Holsworth Will Wagner
Northwestern Oklahoma State Rangers GAC Ronnie Jones 2023 1 10 .091 12 42 .222 Jason Medrano Vacant Vacant
Oklahoma Baptist Bison GAC Chris Jensen 2012 44 67 .396 44 67 .396 Daniel Eaton Gabe Eliserio None
Ouachita Baptist Tigers GAC Todd Knight 1999 152 100 .603 180 132 .576 Jay Derby Roy Thompson Jr. Dakota Wilson
Southeastern Oklahoma State Savage Storm GAC Bo Atterberry 2023 38 29 .567 79 57 .581 Alex Rainwater Brandon Smith None
Southern Arkansas Muleriders GAC Brad Smiley 2022 15 8 .652 15 8 .652 Vacant Will Reed Vacant
Southern Nazarene Crimson Storm GAC Dustin Hada 2020 12 24 .333 12 24 .333 Dustin Hada Indy Seihndel Nathan Brown
Southwestern Oklahoma State Bulldogs GAC Andrew Rice 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Davenport Panthers GLIAC Sparky McEwen 2017 33 33 .500 33 33 .500 Devin Russell Adrian McEwen Lavelle Walker
Ferris State Bulldogs GLIAC Tony Annese 2012 123 20 .860 123 20 .860 Steve Annese Ryan Hodges / Tony Annese Jr. None
Grand Valley State Lakers GLIAC Scott Wooster 2023 11 2 .846 11 2 .846 Matt Vitzthum Jim Louis Jacob Studdard
Michigan Tech Huskies GLIAC Dan Mettlach 2023 5 5 .500 5 5 .500 None Bryan Thomas Phil Milbrath
Northern Michigan Wildcats GLIAC Shane Richardson 2023 0 11 .000 39 61 .390 Billy Lindquist Mike DuFrane None
Northwood Timberwolves GLIAC Dustin Beurer 2023 5 6 .455 34 11 .756 Jason Miran Justin Sweeney E. J. Arnold
Saginaw Valley State Cardinals GLIAC Ryan Brady 2019 26 18 .591 26 18 .591 Vacant Dan McKeown Jeremy Prudhomme
Wayne State Warriors GLIAC Tyrone Wheatley 2023 3 8 .273 8 26 .235 Russell DeMasi Tom Sims Antwon Robinson
Indianapolis Greyhounds GLVC Chris Keevers 2019 37 10 .787 37 10 .787 Vacant Brian Dougherty Vacant
McKendree Bearcats GLVC Mike Babcock 2013 58 52 .527 58 52 .527 Nick Miller Jason Rejfek None
Missouri S&T Miners GLVC Andy Ball 2022 7 14 .333 7 14 .333 None Corey Sudhoff None
Quincy Hawks GLVC Jason Killday 2024 0 0 0 0 Jack Nelson Michael Pannone Vacant
Southwest Baptist Bearcats GLVC Robert Clardy 2015 37 52 .416 37 52 .416 Brandon Niccum / Immanuel Pride Johnny Stilwell / Tyler Curts Zach Bodway
Truman Bulldogs GLVC Gregg Nesbitt 2010 89 59 .601 89 59 .601 Vacant Kellen Nesbitt Vacant
Upper Iowa Peacocks GLVC Jason Hoskins 2021 5 28 .152 5 28 .152 Heath Parling Jason Hoskins None
William Jewell Cardinals GLVC Jason Ambroson 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Chowan Hawks GSC Paul Johnson 2023 0 10 .000 0 10 .000 None Jarius Marlow None
Delta State Statesmen GSC Todd Cooley 2013 69 42 .622 69 42 .622 Jonathan Fletcher Chance Alberswerth None
Erskine Flying Fleet SAC Shap Boyd 2020 6 33 .154 6 33 .154 Drew Engels None Barry Casterlin
Mississippi College Choctaws GSC Mike Kershaw 2024 0 0 0 0 Joel Williams Vacant Gunner Hudspeth
North Greenville Crusaders GSC Jeff Farrington 2013 52 57 .477 52 57 .477 Donny Baker Jireh Wilson Ty Young
Shorter Hawks GSC Zach Morrison 2018 11 44 .200 11 44 .200 Blake Robles Harlen Jacobs None
Valdosta State Blazers GSC Tremaine Jackson 2022 17 8 .680 27 11 .711 Vacant Brandon Anderson Trent Earley
West Alabama Tigers GSC Brett Gilliland 2014 62 44 .585 62 44 .585 Carmen Felus Steve Sisa Lamont Seward
West Florida Argonauts GSC Kaleb Nobles 2023 8 4 .667 8 4 .667 Ron Dickerson Jr. Kavell Conner Jordan Remsza
Lincoln Blue Tigers Independent Vacant 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Post Eagles Independent Adam Schultz 2022 1 18 .053 1 18 .053 None Ross Ragonesi None
Angelo State Rams LSC Jeff Girsch 2019 40 12 .769 40 12 .786 Kevin Kilmer Vacant Vacant
Central Washington Wildcats LSC Chris Fisk 2019 30 15 .667 30 15 .667 Mike Ferriter Grant Torgerson Ronnie Scott
Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds LSC Kelley Lee 2023 26 18 .591 26 18 .591 None Oliver Soukup Edgar Weiser
Midwestern State Mustangs LSC Rich Renner 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas LSC Mike Salinas 2020 19 15 .559 19 15 .559 Sean Lagerstrom Jamison Bisch John Cotton
Texas–Permain Basin Falcons LSC Kris McCullough 2023 10 2 .833 19 5 .792 Ryan Lusby Dionte Dean Brady Carson
West Texas A&M Buffaloes LSC Josh Lynn 2023 3 7 .300 68 57 .544 Chase Kyser Levi Gallas Cody Russell / Justin Richter
Western New Mexico Mustangs LSC Billy Hickman 2023 6 5 .545 6 5 .545 Sam Camp Lee Pronschinske Clyde Logan
Western Oregon Wolves LSC Arne Ferguson 2005 103 91 .531 103 91 .531 Brian Harris None Matt Overlin
Charleston Golden Eagles MEC Quinn Sanders 2022 16 7 .696 16 7 .696 Luke Barker Jalen Hairston Kenny Randall
Concord Mountain Lions MEC Brian Ferguson 2023 1 10 .091 1 10 .091 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Fairmont State Falcons MEC Vacant 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Frostburg State Bobcats MEC Eric Wagoner 2022 15 6 .714 15 6 .714 Trevor Miller Eric Rhodes Derek Prather
Glenville State Pioneers MEC Mike Kellar 2019 23 23 .500 74 58 .561 None Brian Hill JJ Mayer
Notre Dame Falcons MEC Garrett Mack 2022 16 6 .727 16 6 .727 Sean Buckley Jake Chestnut Macklin Coleman
UNC Pembroke Braves MEC Mark Hall 2023 7 3 .700 24 17 .585 None Colin Neely T. J. Denson
West Liberty Hilltoppers MEC Roger Waialae 2005 96 106 .475 96 106 .475 None Jeff Monteroso None
West Virginia State Yellow Jackets MEC John Pennington 2017 38 31 .551 38 31 .551 Rahmann Lee George Shehl B. J. Buckle
West Virginia Wesleyan Bobcats MEC Dwayne Martin 2021 1 31 .031 1 31 .031 Charlie Skalaski IV Marcus Spearman None
Wheeling Cardinals MEC Zac Bruney 2019 20 27 .426 20 27 .426 Steve McNeely / Andre London Mott Gaymon Zach Martin
Central Missouri Mules MIAA Josh Lamberson 2022 15 9 .625 16 30 .348 Justin Bane Greg Jones Stephen Franklin
Central Oklahoma Bronchos MIAA Adam Dorrel 2022 11 11 .500 106 51 .675 None James Curlee / Brandon Lechtenberg None
Emporia State Hornets MIAA Garin Higgins 2007 106 80 .570 157 89 .638 Vincent Cashdollar Mike LoPorto / Jace McDown Tyler Harris
Fort Hays State Tigers MIAA Chris Brown 2011 81 55 .596 81 55 .596 Jeff Bryant Cooper Harris None
Missouri Southern Lions MIAA Atiba Bradley 2020 13 21 .382 13 21 .382 Matt Rahl Joe Bettasso None
Missouri Western Griffons MIAA Tyler Fenwick 2023 8 4 .667 61 52 .540 Todd Throckmorton Erik Johnson Colin McQuillan
Nebraska–Kearney Lopers MIAA Ryan Held 2023 3 8 .273 38 63 .376 Colby Ellis Tim Schaffner Jake Mandelko
Northeastern State RiverHawks MIAA Darrin Chiaverini 2024 0 0 11 0 1.000 Vacant Junior Tanuvasa Vacant
Northwest Missouri State Bearcats MIAA Rich Wright 2017 59 17 .776 59 17 .776 Todd Sturdy Chad Bostwick Brandon Clayton
Pittsburg State Gorillas MIAA Tom Anthony 2024 0 0 0 0 Kevin Bleil Lynn Nutt Vacant
Washburn Ichabods MIAA Craig Schurig 2002 138 102 .575 138 102 .575 Jeff Schwinn / Dane Simoneau Zach Watkins / Brock Luke Josh Osborn
American International Yellow Jackets NE-10 Lou Conte 2023 3 8 .273 3 8 .273 Dan Chipka Dan Wollman Israel Abraham
Assumption Greyhounds NE-10 Andy McKenzie 2018 30 21 .588 30 21 .588 None Woody Blevins Nik Kessel
Bentley Falcons NE-10 Saj Thakkar 2023 6 4 .600 6 4 .600 CJ Scarpa Scott Boyle Mike Landers
Franklin Pierce Ravens NE-10 Russell Gaskamp 2019 7 34 .171 42 72 .368 Zachary McBride Taylor Ewen None
New Haven Chargers NE-10 Chris Pincince 2014 68 31 .687 68 31 .687 Chris Pincince Matt Scott Eric Crandall
Pace Setters NE-10 Andy Rondeau 2014 29 64 .312 29 64 .312 Conor Gilmartin-Donohue Stephen Gruber None
Saint Anselm Hawks NE-10 Joe Adam 2016 23 47 .329 27 53 .338 Price Ferguson None Chadd Braine
Southern Connecticut Fighting Owls NE-10 Tom Godek 2014 34 60 .362 34 60 .362 John Weiss Rob Eggerling None
Augustana Vikings NSIC Jerry Olszewski 2013 74 41 .643 106 59 .642 Tyler Paopao Mark Sipple Chase King
Bemidji State Beavers NSIC Brent Bolte 2016 61 22 .735 61 22 .735 Karson Pike Joe Ford Jordan Hein
Concordia Golden Bears NSIC Shannon Currier 2016 51 69 .425 71 105 .403 None Craig Stern Jake Munkwitz
Mary Marauders NSIC Shann Schillinger 2023 2 9 .182 2 9 .182 David Schramm / Mark Martin Ben Davis None
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs NSIC Curt Wiese 2013 97 23 .808 106 34 .757 Chase Vogler Trey Dill John Steger
Minnesota State Mavericks NSIC Todd Hoffner 2008 131 33 .799 173 61 .739 None Todd Taylor Graham Hevel
Minnesota State–Moorhead Dragons NSIC Steve Laqua 2011 59 73 .447 59 73 .447 None Jesse Currier None
Minot State Beavers NSIC Ian Shields 2023 2 9 .182 42 56 .429 None Mike Bruno Mike Famiglietti
Northern State Wolves NSIC Mike Schmidt 2020 18 15 .545 45 28 .616 Ryan Schlichte Jeff Larson None
Sioux Falls Cougars NSIC Jim Glogowski 2023 3 8 .273 40 51 .440 Lucas Lueders Spencer Capitani None
Southwest Minnesota State Mustangs NSIC Scott Underwood 2022 5 17 .227 91 68 .572 Doug Patterson Levi Bullerman None
Wayne State Wildcats NSIC Logan Masters 2022 17 6 .739 17 6 .739 Collin Prosser Scott McLaughlin Neil Novak
Winona State Warriors NSIC Brian Bergstrom 2022 13 10 .565 13 10 .565 Isaac Fruechte Spencer Erickson Brian Curtin
Bloomsburg Huskies PSAC Frank Sheptock 2020 10 22 .313 117 103 .532 Stephen Pribble Mark Ross None
California Vulcans PSAC Gary Dunn 2016 56 20 .737 56 20 .737 Chad Salisbury Jawan Turner Jacob Craig
Clarion Golden Eagles PSAC Raymond Monica 2022 5 16 .238 84 84 .500 Mark Speckman Josh Hager Ed Gorth IV
East Stroudsburg Warriors PSAC Jimmy Terwilliger 2018 25 22 .532 25 22 .532 Mike Terwilliger Mike Lackey Matt Hagelgans
Edinboro Fighting Scots PSAC Jake Nulph 2020 11 20 .355 11 20 .355 Rich DeMaio Tony Papley None
Gannon Golden Knights PSAC Erik Raeburn 2020 19 17 .528 162 79 .672 Reilly Murphy Thomas Pearson / Cody Swanson Tony Caljean
IUP Crimson Hawks PSAC Paul Tortorella 2017 52 17 .754 52 17 .754 Larry Wilson Jim Smith / Zach Johnson None
Kutztown Golden Bears PSAC Jim Clements 2014 79 28 .738 142 52 .732 Marcel Quarterman Eric Fargo Jim Ketner
Lock Haven Bald Eagles PSAC Dan Mulrooney 2022 6 15 .286 17 44 .279 Joe Battaglia Dan Mulrooney Nick Vorhees
Mercyhurst Lakers PSAC Ryan Riemedio 2022 4 17 .190 4 17 .190 Vacant Bryce Dempsey None
Millersville Marauders PSAC J. C. Morgan 2018 14 40 .259 14 40 .259 Jeff Tomasetti Matt Sutjak Dan Beard
Seton Hill Griffins PSAC Daniel Day 2019 14 28 .333 23 40 .365 Blaise Holzer Kevin May None
Shippensburg Raiders PSAC Mark Maciejewski 2011 82 52 .612 82 52 .612 Scott Brisson Mike Burket None
Shepherd Rams PSAC Ernie McCook 2018 53 13 .803 53 13 .803 Tom Clark Josh Kline Luke Wright
Slippery Rock PSAC Shawn Lutz 2016 70 19 .787 70 19 .787 Drew Moulton Domenick Razzano Joe Marella
West Chester Golden Rams PSAC Duke Greco 2024 0 0 91 15 .858 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Adams State Grizzlies RMAC Jarrell Harrison 2021 6 27 .182 6 27 .182 Adrian Riley Kai Ellis / Brandon Perkins Kham Davenport
Black Hills State Yellow Jackets RMAC Josh Breske 2020 17 18 .486 17 18 .486 Ben Blake JB Brown Jonathan Cervantes
Chadron State Eagles RMAC Jay Long 2012 68 56 .548 83 71 .539 Micah Smith Clint Sasse None
Colorado Mesa Mavericks RMAC Miles Kochevar 2022 10 11 .476 10 11 .476 Trevor Wikre / Tom Thenell Trent Matthews Crockett Gillmore / Anthoney Hill
Colorado Mines Orediggers RMAC Pete Sterbick 2023 14 1 .933 23 12 .657 Tim Brandon Tripp Thomas Clement Grinstead
CSU Pueblo ThunderWolves RMAC Phil Vigil 2023 8 3 .727 15 18 .455 Brayle Brown / Garrett Graf Caid Faske Mac Alexander
Fort Lewis Skyhawks RMAC Johnny Cox 2022 0 21 .000 0 21 .000 John Grinde Spencer Brown Emmanuel Jordan Bible
New Mexico Highlands Cowboys RMAC Ron Hudson 2022 5 16 .238 5 16 .238 Steve Jerry Rod Plummer None
South Dakota Mines Hardrockers RMAC Charlie Flohr 2020 20 17 .541 20 17 .541 Ryan Gent Vance Winter Bo Montgomery
Western Colorado Mountaineers RMAC Jas Bains 2011 54 81 .400 54 81 .400 None Todd Auer Jake Van Groll
Barton Bulldogs SAC Chip Hester 2020 16 21 .432 86 70 .551 Landon Mariani Treiston Burnette None
Carson–Newman Eagles SAC Ashley Ingram 2024 0 0 0 0 Chuck Peterson Larry Slade / Tyler Almond Antonio Goss
Catawba Indians SAC Tyler Haines 2023 5 6 .455 27 39 .409 Jordan Softcheck Tee Overman / Khanis Hubbard Jake Vellucci
Emory and Henry Wasps SAC Curt Newsome 2014 53 42 .558 53 42 .558 Kamden BeCraft Tommy Buzzo None
Lenoir–Rhyne Bears SAC Mike Jacobs 2020 32 9 .780 74 17 .813 Anthony Soto Shawn Chaffee / Caleb Padilla Devin Figaro / Will Hornsby
Limestone Saints SAC Mike Furrey 2022 25 20 .556 33 34 .493 Jake Kostner None None
Mars Hill Lions SAC Tim Clifton 1993 167 152 .524 167 152 .524 Jonathan Sarratt Kevin Barnette None
Newberry Wolves SAC Todd Knight 2009 92 71 .564 92 71 .564 Todd Varn Stephen Flynn Drew Watson
Tusculum Pioneers SAC Billy Taylor 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Virginia–Wise Cavaliers SAC Gary Bass 2024 0 0 26 42 .382 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Wingate Bulldogs SAC Rashaan Jordan 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Albany State Golden Rams SIAC Quinn Gray 2023 6 5 .545 6 5 .545 Dazzie Morris Christopher Cash Elijah Haggard
Allen Yellow Jackets SIAC Cedric Pearl 2024 0 0 19 41 .317 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Benedict Tigers SIAC Vacant 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Central State Marauders SIAC Kevin Porter 2022 8 12 .400 30 51 .370 Buddy Blevins Cory Stone None
Clark Atlanta Panthers SIAC Teddy Keaton 2024 0 0 45 54 .455 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Edward Waters Tigers SIAC Toriano Morgan 2021 15 17 .469 15 17 .469 Brian Jenkins Jr. Mike Fanoga None
Fort Valley State Wildcats SIAC Shawn Gibbs 2022 16 5 .762 16 5 .762 Joel Hirsch Denzel Jones None
Kentucky State Thorobreds SIAC Felton Huggins 2023 3 7 .300 3 7 .300 None Earl Chambers None
Lane Dragons SIAC Vyron Brown 2020 13 17 .433 13 7 .433 None Tommie Lewis Jr. Kalvin Pearson
Miles Golden Bears SIAC Sam Shade 2022 8 12 .400 8 12 .400 Jamaal Fobbs Chris Shelling None
Morehouse Maroon Tigers SIAC Vacant 2024 0 0 0 0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
Savannah State Tigers SIAC Aaron Kelton 2022 7 13 .350 31 62 .333 None Johnson Hunter Johnson Hunter
Tuskegee Golden Tigers SIAC Aaron James 2023 7 3 .700 7 3 .700 None Rashad Watson None

See also

Notes

    References

    1. Theismann, Joe; Tarcy, Brian (2001). "Chapter 5: Coaching: Win, Get Fired, or Go on TV". The Complete Idiot's Guide to Football (2nd ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana: Alpha Books. p. 57. ISBN 0-02-864167-1. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
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