This is a selected list of authors and works listed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. The Index was discontinued on June 14, 1966 by Pope Paul VI.[1][2]
A complete list of the authors and writings present in the subsequent editions of the index are listed in J. Martinez de Bujanda, Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1600–1966, Geneva, 2002.
The Index includes entries for single or multiple works by an author, all works by an author in a given genre or dealing with a given topic. The scope of the prohibition is defined by a Latin phrase in the Index:
- Omnia opera dramatica: all plays
- Omnes fabulae amatoriae: all novels, or romances
- Opera omnia theologica: all theological works
- Opera omnia: all works (see note below)
The Index includes entries banning all works of a particular writer. Most of these were inserted in the Index at a time when the Index itself stated that the prohibition of someone's "opera omnia" (all his works) did not cover works whose contents did not concern religion and were not forbidden by the general rules of the Index, but this explanation was omitted in the 1929 edition, an omission that was officially interpreted in 1940 as meaning that thenceforth "opera omnia" covered all the author's works without exception.[3]
List of authors and works in the final edition, with later additions
This is a selected list of the authors and works appearing in the final published edition of the Index in 1948, with later additions until the Index was discontinued in 1966.
Banned | Name | Works | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
1600 | Bruno, Giordano | All works | [lower-alpha 1] |
1626, 1657, 1658, 1659, 1672 |
Grotius, Hugo | All works of theology; De Imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra (pub. 1647); Annales et historiae de rebus belgicis (pub. 1657); +6 more |
[lower-alpha 2] |
1645 | Browne, Thomas | Religio Medici; the religion of a physician | [lower-alpha 3] |
1649 | Hobbes, Thomas | All works | [lower-alpha 4] |
1657, 1789 | Pascal, Blaise | Lettres provinciales (1657); Pensées (pub. 1670), with notes by Voltaire |
[lower-alpha 5] |
1659 | Calvin, John | Judicial lexicon of imperial and canon law | [lower-alpha 6] |
1663 | Descartes, René | Meditations (1641); Les passions de l'âme (1649); Opera philosophica. Donec corrig.; +4 more |
[lower-alpha 7] |
1667 | Leti, Gregorio | All works | [lower-alpha 8] |
1668 | Bacon, Francis (Baco, Franciscus) | De dignitate et augmentis scientiarum libri IX. Donec corrig. | [lower-alpha 9] |
1676 | Montaigne, Michel de | Essays | [lower-alpha 10] |
1679, 1690 | Spinoza, Baruch | Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (1677); Posthumous works |
[lower-alpha 11] |
1684 | Eriugena, Johannes Scotus (Erigena, Ioannes Scotus) | De divisione naturae libri quinque diu desiderati | [lower-alpha 12] |
1689, 1707, 1712 | Malebranche, Nicolas | Traité de la nature et de la grace (1680); Traité de morale (1684); +4 more |
[lower-alpha 13] |
1694, 1758 | Milton, John | Literae pseudo-senatus anglicani, Cromwellii reliquorumque perduellium nomine ac iussu conscriptae (1676); Paradise Lost (1667) |
[lower-alpha 14] |
1703 | La Fontaine, Jean de | Contes et Nouvelles | [lower-alpha 15] |
1717 | Maimonides | 'Tractate on Idolatry from the Mishneh Torah with notes by Dionysius Vossius' | [lower-alpha 16] |
1729 | Addison, Joseph | Remarks on Several Parts of Italy (1705; revised 1718) | [lower-alpha 17] |
1734, 1737 | Locke, John | An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689); The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures (1695) |
[lower-alpha 18] |
1738 | Swedenborg, Emanuel | Principia (1734) | [lower-alpha 19] |
1742 | Berkeley, George | Alciphron, or The Minute Philosopher | [lower-alpha 20] |
1743 | Defoe, Daniel | The Political History of the Devil (1726) | [lower-alpha 21] |
1744 | Richardson, Samuel | Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740) | [lower-alpha 22] |
1751, 1762 | Montesquieu | Lettres Persanes (1721); De l'esprit des lois (1748) |
[lower-alpha 23] |
1752, 1753, 1757, 1761, 1762, 1765, 1766, 1768, 1769, 1771, 1773, 1776, 1779 |
Voltaire | Candide (1759); Traité sur la tolérance (1763); Lettres philosophiques (1733; revised 1778); +38 more |
[lower-alpha 24] |
1758, 1804 | Diderot, Denis | Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (1751–72); Jacques le fataliste et son maître (pub. 1796) |
[lower-alpha 25] |
1758 | d'Alembert, Jean le Rond | Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (1751–72) | [lower-alpha 26] |
1759, 1774 | Helvétius, Claude Adrien | De l'Esprit (1758); De l'homme, de ses facultés intellectuelles et de son éducation |
[lower-alpha 27] |
1761 | Hume, David | All works | [lower-alpha 28] |
1762, 1766, 1806, | Rousseau, Jean-Jacques | Émile, ou de l'éducation (1762); Du contrat social (1762); Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse (1761) |
[lower-alpha 29] |
1764 | Kollár, Adam František (Kollarius, Adamus Franciscus) | De originibus et usu perpetuo potestatis legislatoriae circa sacra apostolicorum regum Ungariae (1764) | [lower-alpha 30] |
1766 | Beccaria, Cesare | Dei Delitti e delle pene (1764) | [4] |
1783 | Gibbon, Edward | Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1788) | [lower-alpha 31] |
1815, 1840, 1859, 1863, 1866, 1896 |
Michelet, Jules | 6 titles | [lower-alpha 32] |
1817 | Darwin, Erasmus | Zoonomia; or The Laws of Organic Life (1794) | [lower-alpha 33] |
1819 | Sterne, Laurence | A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy (1768) | [lower-alpha 34] |
1827 | Condorcet, Nicholas de | Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (1794) | [lower-alpha 35] |
1827 | Kant, Immanuel | Critique of Pure Reason (1781; revised 1787) | [lower-alpha 36] |
1828 | Stendhal | All love stories | [lower-alpha 37] |
1834, 1837, 1838, 1841, 1843, 1846, |
Lamennais, Hugues Felicité Robert de | 7 works | [lower-alpha 38] |
1834 | Casanova, Giacomo | Mémoires | [lower-alpha 39] |
1835 | Bentham, Jeremy | Deontology, or The science of morality (1834); +3 more |
[lower-alpha 40] |
1836 | Heine, Heinrich | Reisebilder; De l'Allemagne; De la France |
[lower-alpha 41] |
1840 | Sand, George | All love stories | [lower-alpha 42] |
1841 | Balzac, Honoré de | All love stories | [lower-alpha 43] |
1849 | Gioberti, Vincenzo | All works | [lower-alpha 44] |
1852 | Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph | All works | [lower-alpha 45] |
1856 | Mill, John Stuart | Principles of Political Economy (1848) | [lower-alpha 46] |
1859, 1860, 1863, 1866, 1869, 1877, 1881, 1882, 1884, 1891, 1892, |
Renan, Ernest | 19 titles | [lower-alpha 47] |
1863, 1880 | Dumas, Alexandre (fils) | All love stories; La question du divorce |
[lower-alpha 48] |
1863 | Dumas, Alexandre (père) | All love stories | [lower-alpha 49] |
1864 | Comte, Auguste | Cours de philosophie positive | [lower-alpha 50] |
1864 | Flaubert, Gustave | Madame Bovary (1856); Salammbô (1862) |
[lower-alpha 51] |
1873 | Larousse, Pierre | Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle (1866–76) | [lower-alpha 52] |
1876 | Draper, John William | History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (1874) | [lower-alpha 53] |
1894 | Zola, Émile | All works | [lower-alpha 54] |
1911, 1928, 1935, 1939 |
D'Annunzio, Gabriele | All plays; All love stories; +3 more |
[lower-alpha 55] |
1913 | Various contributors | Annales de philosophie chrétienne | [5][lower-alpha 56] |
1914 | Bergson, Henri | Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience; Matière et mémoire; essai sur la relation du corps à l'esprit; L'évolution créatrice |
[lower-alpha 57] |
1914 | Maeterlinck, Maurice | All works | [lower-alpha 58] |
1922 | France, Anatole | All works | [lower-alpha 59] |
1931 | van de Velde, Theodoor Hendrik | Het volkomen huwelijk (1926) | [lower-alpha 60] |
1948 | Sartre, Jean-Paul | All works | [6] |
1952 | Gide, André | All works | [7] |
1952 | Moravia, Alberto | All works | [8] |
1953 | Kazantzakis, Nikos | The Last Temptation of Christ (1955) | [9] |
1956 | de Beauvoir, Simone | The Second Sex (1949); The Mandarins (1954) |
[10] |
Reversals and non-inclusions
There have been cases of reversal with respect to works that were on the Index, such as those of Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo Galilei. The Inquisition's ban on reprinting Galileo's works was lifted in 1718 when permission was granted to publish an edition of his works (excluding the condemned Dialogue) in Florence.[11] In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorised the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works[12] which included a mildly censored version of the Dialogue.[13] In 1758 the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books, although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the Dialogue and Copernicus's De Revolutionibus remained.[14] All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index.[15]
Not on the Index were Aristophanes, Juvenal, John Cleland, James Joyce and D. H. Lawrence. According to Wallace et al., this was because the primary criterion for banning the work was anticlericalism, blasphemy and heresy.
Some authors whose views are generally unacceptable to the Church (e.g. Karl Marx) were never put on the Index; nor was Charles Darwin (see Evolution and the Roman Catholic Church).[16][17]
Works that were included in the Index, and later removed, include:
Banned | Name | Works | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
1585 to 1881 | Dante Alighieri | De Monarchia (1312–13)? | |
1616 to 1835 | Nicolaus Copernicus | De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543) | |
to 1835 | Johannes Kepler | Astronomia nova (1609); Harmonices Mundi (1619); Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae (1617–21) |
|
Sade | Justine (1791); Juliette (1797–1801) |
||
Madame de Staël | Corinne ou l'Italie (1807) | ||
until 1959 | Victor Hugo | Notre Dame de Paris (1831); Les Misérables (1862) |
|
- Libri Carolini, supposedly by Charlemagne
- Rabelais[18]
- Allan Kardec (The Spirits Book)
Beacon results
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Bruno
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Grotius
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Browne
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Hobbes
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Pascal
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Calvin
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Descartes
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Leti
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Baco
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Montaigne
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Spinoza
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Erigena
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Malebranche
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Milton
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Fontaine
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Maimonides
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Addison
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Locke
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Swedenborg
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Berkeley
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Defoe
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Richardson
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Montesquieu
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Voltaire
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Diderot
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Alembert
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Helvetius
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Hume
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Rousseau
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Kollarius
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Gibbon
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Michelet
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Darwin
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Sterne
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Condorcet
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Kant
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Stendhal
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Lamennais
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Casanova
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Bentham
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Heine
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Sand
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Balzac
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Gioberti
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Proudhon
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for John Stuart Mill
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Renan
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Dumas
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Dumas
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Comte
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Flaubert
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Larousse
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Draper
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Zola
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for D'Annunzio
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Annales de philosophie chrétienne
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Bergson
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Materlinck
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for France
- ↑ Beacon for Freedom of Expression entry for Van de Velde
Notes
- ↑ "Galileo and Books", Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Cambridge
- ↑ The Church in the Modern Age, (Volume 10) by Hubert Jedin, John Dolan, Gabriel Adriányi 1981 ISBN 082450013X, page 168
- ↑ Jesús Martínez de Bujanda, Index librorum prohibitorum: 1600-1966 (Droz 2002 ISBN 2-600-00818-7), p. 36
- ↑ De Bujanda, Jesús Martínez; Richter, Marcella (2002). Index des livres interdits: Index librorum prohibitorum 1600-1966. Médiaspaul. p. 116. ISBN 9782894205228.
- ↑ De Bujanda, Jesús Martínez; Richter, Marcella (2002). Index des livres interdits: Index librorum prohibitorum 1600-1966. Médiaspaul. p. 73. ISBN 9782894205228.
- ↑ De Bujanda, Jesús Martínez; Richter, Marcella (2002). Index des livres interdits: Index librorum prohibitorum 1600-1966. Médiaspaul. p. 808. ISBN 9782894205228.
- ↑ De Bujanda, Jesús Martínez; Richter, Marcella (2002). Index des livres interdits: Index librorum prohibitorum 1600-1966. Médiaspaul. p. 384. ISBN 9782894205228.
- ↑ De Bujanda, Jesús Martínez; Richter, Marcella (2002). Index des livres interdits: Index librorum prohibitorum 1600-1966. Médiaspaul. p. 634. ISBN 9782894205228.
- ↑ De Bujanda, Jesús Martínez; Richter, Marcella (2002). Index des livres interdits: Index librorum prohibitorum 1600-1966. Médiaspaul. p. 481. ISBN 9782894205228.
- ↑ De Bujanda, Jesús Martínez; Richter, Marcella (2002). Index des livres interdits: Index librorum prohibitorum 1600-1966. Médiaspaul. p. 116. ISBN 9782894205228.
- ↑ Heilbron (2005, p. 299).
- ↑ Two of his non-scientific works, the letters to Castelli and the Grand Duchess Christina, were explicitly not allowed to be included (Coyne 2005, p. 347).
- ↑ Heilbron (2005, pp. 303–04); Coyne (2005, p. 347). The uncensored version of the Dialogue remained on the Index of prohibited books, however (Heilbron 2005, p. 279).
- ↑ Heilbron (2005, p. 307); Coyne (2005, p. 347) The practical effect of the ban in its later years seems to have been that clergy could publish discussions of heliocentric physics with a formal disclaimer assuring its hypothetical character and their obedience to the church decrees against motion of the earth: see for example the commented edition (1742) of Newton's 'Principia' by Fathers Le Seur and Jacquier, which contains such a disclaimer ('Declaratio') before the third book (Propositions 25 onwards) dealing with the lunar theory.
- ↑ McMullin (2005, p. 6); Coyne (2005, p. 346).
- ↑ Vatican opens up secrets of Index of Forbidden Books Archived 2019-07-09 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Heneghan, Tom, "Secrets Behind The Forbidden Books", America, The National Catholic Weekly, February 7, 2005
- ↑ Halsall, Paul (May 1, 1998). "Modern History Sourcebook: Index librorum prohibitorum, 1557–1966 (Index of Prohibited Books)". Internet History Sourcebooks Project (Fordham University).
References
- Coyne, George V. (2005). The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth. In McMullin. pp. 340–359.
- Heilbron, John L. (2005). Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo. In McMullin. pp. 279–322.
- McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). The Church and Galileo. Notre Dame, In: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-03483-4.
External links
- Searchable database of Index Librorum Prohibitorum at Beacon for Freedom of Expression
- List of famous authors in the index
- Facsimile of the 1559 index at the Wayback Machine (archived 2009-02-21)
- The complete list of banned books in 1948 at the Wayback Machine (archived 2007-02-03)