Canada's role in the development of peacekeeping during the 20th century led to its reputation as a prominent world power. Canada's commitment to multilateralism has been closely related to peacekeeping efforts. Canadian Nobel Peace Prize laureate Lester B. Pearson was the father of modern United Nations Peacekeeping.[1][2] Prior to Canada's role in the Suez Canal Crisis, Canada was viewed by many as insignificant in issues of the world's traditional powers. Canada's successful role in the conflict gave Canada credibility and established it as a nation fighting for the common good of all the world's nations and not just their allies.[3] Since 1995, however, Canadian direct participation in United Nations peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined.[4] That number decreased largely because Canada began to direct its participation to UN-sanctioned military operations through NATO, rather than through the UN.[5] In July 2006, for instance, Canada ranked 51st on the list of UN peacekeepers, contributing 130 peacekeepers out of a total UN deployment of over 70,000;[6] whereas in November 1990 Canada had 1,002 troops out of a total UN deployment of 10,304.[7]

  • Below is a list of major peacekeeping missions undertaken by Canada from 1947 to present.[8][9]
Dates of operation Name of operation Location Conflict Canadian Participation
1948– United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) Middle East Israeli–Palestinian conflict (initially) Military observers, including Chief of Staff E.L.M. Burns
1948–1950 United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea (UNCOK)  North Korea Korean conflict Several civilian and military personnel
 South Korea
1949–1979 United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)  India Kashmir conflict First Chief Military Observer and observers
 Pakistan
1956–1967 United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I)  Egypt Suez Crisis Up to 1,007 personnel
1960–1964 United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC)  Republic of the Congo Congo Crisis Approx 300 servicemen at a time, 1,900 total.
1962–1963 United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA)  Netherlands New Guinea Transfer of sovereignty over Western New Guinea following the West New Guinea dispute Two aircraft, one observer.
 Indonesia
1964– United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)  Cyprus Cyprus dispute Operation SNOWGOOSE
 Northern Cyprus
1973–1979 United Nations Emergency Force, Middle East (UNEF II)  Egypt Yom Kippur War 1,145 personnel
 Israel
1974– United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)  Israel Maintains ceasefire following the Yom Kippur War. Operation DANACA
 Syria
1978 United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)  Lebanon 1978 South Lebanon conflict 110 personnel
1981– Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) Sinai Peninsula Enforce the Egypt–Israel peace treaty Operation CALUMET
1989–1990 United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG)  Namibia Namibian War of Independence Operation MATADOR
1991–1994 United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict Operation PYTHON, a maximum of 35 CF personnel from May 1991 – June 1994.
1992–1993 United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)  Cambodia Conflict in Cambodia Operation MARQUIS 1 and MARQUIS 2
1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)  Bosnia and Herzegovina Yugoslav Wars Operation Harmony
 Croatia
 Republic of Macedonia
 FR Yugoslavia
April 1992 – December 1992 United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I)  Somalia Somali Civil War
December 1992 – May 1993 Unified Task Force (UNITAF)  Somalia Somali Civil War
May 1993 – March 1995 United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II)  Somalia Somali Civil War
1993–1996 United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH)  Haiti 1991 Haitian coup d'état Up to 500 Canadian Forces personnel and 100 civilian police.
1993–1996 United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR)  Rwanda Rwandan Civil War
1994–1996 United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation (UNCRO)  Croatia Croatian War of Independence
1995–1999 United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP)  Macedonia Aftermath of the Yugoslav wars 1 observer
1995–2000 United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH)  Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian War 20 Canadian Forces personnel and 100 RCMP and civilian police
1996–1997 United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH)  Haiti Stabilizing Haiti's democracy Operation STANDARD and Operation STABLE
1997–2004 United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (UNTMIH)  Haiti Training of the Haitian National Police Operation CONSTABLE
1997–2000 United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH)  Haiti Training of the Haitian National Police Operation COMPLIMENT
1998–2000 United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA)  Central African Republic Mutinies in the Central African Republic armed forces Over 80 CF personnel at peak.
1999–2000 The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)  East Timor 1999 East Timorese crisis Operation TOUCAN
 Indonesia
1999–2002 United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)  Serbia Kosovo War Operation Kinetic and Operation QUADRANT
 Kosovo
1999–2005 United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL)  Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Civil War Operation REPTILE
1999–2010 United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC)  Democratic Republic of the Congo Second Congo War 9 military observers (Operation CROCODILE)
2000–2002 The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)  East Timor 1999 East Timorese crisis 600 personnel (Operation TOUCAN)
 Indonesia
2000 United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE)  Eritrea Eritrean–Ethiopian War Operation Addition
 Ethiopia
2004 United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH)  Haiti Aftermath of the 2004 Haitian coup d'état 500 personnel, 6 helicopters (Operation HALO)
2005–2009 United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS)  Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War 45 personnel (Operation SAFARI)
2009 United Nations/African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID)  Sudan War in Darfur Operation SATURN
2018–2023 Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)  Mali Mali War 18 personnel

See also

References

  1. ↑ Banerjee & Sharma (1 March 2008). Reinventing the United Nations. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 63. ISBN 978-81-203-3282-9.
  2. ↑ Cohen, Andrew (2008). Lester B. Pearson. Toronto: Penguin Canada. pp. 114–116. ISBN 9780670067381.
  3. ↑ Gaffen, Fred (1987). In The Eye of The Storm: A History of Canadian Peacekeeping. Toronto: Deneau & Wayne Publishers LTD. p. 43.
  4. ↑ Lauri Johnson; Reva Joshee (2007). Multicultural education policies in Canada and the United States. UBC Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7748-1325-9.
  5. ↑ Linda McQuaig (4 June 2010). Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-385-67297-9.
  6. ↑ "Ranking of Military and Police Contributions to UN Operations" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
  7. ↑ "Troop and police contributors archive (1990–2011)". United Nations. 2010. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  8. ↑ "Peacekeeping". canadiansoldiers. 2008. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
  9. ↑ Defence, National (August 30, 2016). "Peace support operations (1954-present)". Canada.ca. Retrieved August 7, 2023.

Further reading

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