This is a list of African American newspapers and media outlets, which is sortable by publication name, city, state, founding date, and extant vs. defunct status. For more detail on a given newspaper, see the linked entries below. See also by state, below on this page, for entries on African American newspapers in each state.

Print

African-American newspapers
NameCityStateFoundedClosed
92d BuffaloFort HuachucaArizona1943–1945[1]Defunct
93d Blue HelmetFort HuachucaArizona1942–1943[2]Defunct
AC Phoenix News, TheWinston-SalemNorth Carolina1983[3]Extant
Advance, TheWilmingtonDelaware1899–19?[4]Defunct
AdvocateCharlestonWest Virginia[5]?Defunct
Advocate, ThePortlandOregon1903–1933Defunct
African ExpositorRaleighNorth Carolina18??–18?[6]Defunct
African-American News and IssuesHoustonTexas1996Extant
Africo-American PresbyterianWilmingtonNorth Carolina1879–1938[7]Defunct
Afro-American Citizen, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1899–1902[8]Defunct
Afro-American CourierYazoo CityMississippi1926–19?[9]Defunct
Daily RecordWilmingtonNorth Carolina1895–1898[10][11]Defunct
Aliened American, TheClevelandOhio1852–1856[12]Defunct
American RecordPlattsmouthNebraska1945Extant
Anti-Slavery Bugle, TheNew LisbonOhio1845–1861Defunct
Appeal, TheSaint PaulMinnesota1889–19?[13]Defunct
Arizona Gleam, ThePhoenixArizona1929–193?[14]Defunct
Arizona SunPhoenixArizona1942–196?[15]Defunct
Arizona TribunePhoenixArizona1958–197?[16]Defunct
Atlanta Daily WorldAtlantaGeorgia1928[17]Extant
Baltimore Afro-AmericanBaltimoreMaryland1892Extant
Banner-Enterprise, TheWilmingtonNorth Carolina1883–18?[18]Defunct
Bay State BannerBostonMassachusetts1965Extant
Beacon Journal (later Beacon Digest and West Virginia Beacon Digest)CharlestonWest Virginia1957–[5]Defunct
Bee, TheWashingtonD.C.1882–1884[19]Defunct
Birmingham TimesBirminghamAlabama?Extant
Black ChronicleOklahoma CityOklahoma1979Extant
Black Panther, TheOaklandCalifornia1967–1980Defunct
Black Times: Voices of the National Community Palo Alto California 1971–1976?[20] Defunct
Boston GuardianBostonMassachusetts1901–1950sDefunct
BreezeHuntingtonWest Virginia[5]?Defunct
Broad Ax, TheSalt Lake CityUtah1895–19?[21]Defunct
Burning Spear, TheOaklandCalifornia1968Extant
Bystander, TheDes MoinesIowa1916–1922[22]Defunct
California EagleLos AngelesCalifornia1879–1964[23]Defunct
Call, TheKansas CityMissouri1919Extant
Call and PostClevelandOhio1928Extant
Carolina Panorama, TheColumbiaSouth Carolina1986Extant
Carolina Times, TheDurhamNorth Carolina1921Extant
Cayton's MonthlySeattleWashington1921–1921[24]Defunct
Cayton's WeeklySeattleWashington1916–1921[25]Defunct
Century Voice, TheYazoo CityMississippi194?–19?[26]Defunct
Charleston Advocate, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1867–1868[27]Defunct
Charleston Chronicle, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1971Extant
Charlotte Post, TheCharlotteNorth Carolina1878Extant
Chattanooga Observer, TheChattanoogaTennessee1927–1962Defunct
Chicago DefenderChicagoIllinois1905Extant
Chicago Whip, TheChicagoIllinois1919–19?[28]Defunct
Chicago WorldChicagoIllinois1918–19?[29]Defunct
Christian BannerPhiladelphiaPennsylvania[30]Defunct
Christian Recorder, ThePittsburghPennsylvania1854Extant
Cincinnati Herald, TheCincinnatiOhio1955Extant
Cleveland Gazette, TheClevelandOhio1883–1945Defunct
Colored American, TheNew York CityNew York1837–1842Defunct
Colored American, TheWashingtonD.C.1893–1904Defunct
Colored Citizen, TheHelenaMontana1894–1894[31]Defunct
Columbus Times, TheColumbusGeorgia1921Extant
Community Citizen, TheNew AlbanyMississippi19??–19?[32]Defunct
Concordia Eagle, TheVidaliaLouisiana1873–1890[33]Defunct
Connecticut ChronicleHartfordConnecticut194?–194?[34]Defunct
Afro-American SentinelOmahaNebraska1892Extant
Daily Express, TheDaytonOhio1950–1955[35]Defunct
Daily National EraWashingtonD.C.1854–1854[36]Defunct
Dallas ExpressDallasTexas1892–1970Defunct
Dayton Forum, TheDaytonOhio1913–1949[37]Defunct
Delta Leader, TheGreenvilleMississippi1939–19?[38]Defunct
Denver Star, TheDenverColorado1913–1963[39]Defunct
Detroit TribuneDetroitMichigan1933–1933[40]Defunct
Detroit Tribune, TheDetroitMichigan1935–1966[41]Defunct
EbonyLos AngelesCalifornia1945Extant
Echo, TheMeridianMississippi1942–1960[42]Defunct
EssenceNew YorkNew York1970Extant
Facts, TheSeattleWashington1961Extant
The ProgressOmahaNebraska1889Extant
Final Call, TheChicagoIllinois1979[43]Extant
Florida Sentinel BulletinTampaFlorida1919Extant
Florida Star, TheJacksonvilleFlorida1951Extant
Forum, TheSpringfieldIllinois1904–192?[44]Defunct
Franklin's Paper the Denver StarDenverColorado1912–1913[45]Defunct
Franklin's Paper the StatesmanDenverColorado1906–1912[46]Defunct
Free Citizen, TheOrangeburgSouth Carolina1874–1876[47]Defunct
Free Press, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1868–186?[48]Defunct
FreedomNew York CityNew York1950–1955Defunct
Freedom's JournalNew York CityNew York1827–1829Defunct
Frost IllustratedFort WayneIndiana1968Defunct
Future Outlook, TheGreensboroNorth Carolina1941–1972[49][50]Defunct
Gary CrusaderGaryIndiana1961Extant
Gazette, TheRaleighNorth Carolina18??–1???[51]Defunct
Georgetown Planet, TheGeorgetownSouth Carolina1873–1875[52]Defunct
Golden Rule, TheVicksburgMississippi1898–19?[53]Defunct
Gossip Depot free online newsMemphisTennessee2020[54]Extant
Harambee NewsLos AngelesCalifornia1966–1969[55]Defunct
Hartford ChronicleHartfordConnecticut194?–1947[56]Defunct
Hartford-Springfield ChronicleSpringfieldMassachusetts1940–194?[57]Defunct
Houston Forward TimesHoustonTexas1960Extant
Huntington EnterpriseHuntingtonWest Virginia[5]?Defunct
Huntington TimesHuntingtonWest Virginia[5]?Defunct
Illinois Times, TheChampaignIllinois19??–19?[58]Defunct
Indianapolis FreemanIndianapolisIndiana1888–1926Defunct
Indianapolis LeaderIndianapolisIndiana1879–1891Defunct
Indianapolis RecorderIndianapolisIndiana1895Extant
InkFort WayneIndiana2001–?Defunct
Iowa State BystanderDes MoinesIowa1894–1916[59]Defunct
Jackson AdvocateJacksonMississippi1938Extant
JetLos AngelesCalifornia1951Extant
St. Louis PalladiumSt. LouisMissouri1884?–1911?Defunct
Journal of Industry, TheRaleighNorth Carolina1879–1???[60]Defunct
Kansas City Sun, TheKansas CityMissouri1908–1924[61]Defunct
Tribune de la Nouvelle-Orléans or New Orleans TribuneNew OrleansLouisiana1864–1870Defunct
Langston City Herald, TheLangston CityOklahoma1891–1902[62]Defunct
Lexington Standard, TheLexingtonKentucky1892–1912[63]Defunct
Liberator, TheBostonMassachusetts1831–1865Defunct
Los Angeles SentinelLos AngelesCalifornia1933Extant
Louisiana Weekly, TheNew OrleansLouisiana1925Extant
Louisianian, TheNew OrleansLouisiana1870–1871[64]Defunct
Louisville DefenderLouisvilleKentucky1933Extant
Maryville RepublicanMaryvilleTennessee1867–187?[65]Defunct
McDowell HeraldKeystoneWest Virginia[5]?Defunct
McDowell Times, TheKeystoneWest Virginia1904–1941[66]Defunct
Metropolis Weekly GazetteMetropolisIllinois1???–19?[67]Defunct
Metropolitan NewsChicagoIllinois1935–19?[68]Defunct
Miami Times, TheMiamiFlorida1923Extant
Michigan ChronicleDetroitMichigan1936Extant
Missionary RecordCharlestonSouth Carolina1868–1879[69]Defunct
MojoNew York CityNew York1968–?Defunct
Monitor, TheOmahaNebraska1915Extant
Montana Plaindealer, TheHelenaMontana1906–1911[70]Defunct
Muhammad SpeaksChicagoIllinois1962Extant
Muskogee Cimeter, TheMuskogeeOklahoma1901–19?[71]Defunct
Muslim JournalChicagoIllinois1962Extant
Nashville GlobeNashvilleTennessee1906–1960[72]Defunct
National Enquirer and Pennsylvania FreemanPhiladelphiaPennsylvania1836–?Defunct
National Era, TheWashingtonD.C.1847–1860[73]Defunct
National Forum, TheWashingtonD.C.1910–19?[74]Defunct
National Savings BankWashingtonD.C.1868–18?[75]Defunct
New Age, ThePortlandOregon1896Defunct
New Age, TheButteMontana1902–190?[76]Defunct
New England BulletinHartfordConnecticut1949–19?[77]Defunct
New EraWashingtonD.C.1870–1870[78]Defunct
New Era, TheOmahaNebraska1921Extant
New Journal and GuideNorfolkVirginia1900Extant
New National EraWashingtonD.C.1870–1874[79]Defunct
New Orleans Tribune, TheNew OrleansLouisiana1985Extant
New York Amsterdam NewsNew York CityNew York1909Extant
North Carolina GazetteRaleighNorth Carolina1885–18?[80]Defunct
North Carolina RepublicanRaleighNorth Carolina1879–1880[81]Defunct
North Star, TheRochesterNew York1847–1851Defunct
Northwestern Bulletin, TheSt. PaulMinnesota1922–1924[82]Defunct
Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal, TheSt. PaulMinnesota1924–1925[83]Defunct
Oakland Post, TheOaklandCalifornia1963Extant
Ohio Daily-Express, TheDaytonOhio1946–1950[84]Defunct
Ohio State NewsColumbusOhio1944–1952[85]Defunct
Omaha ChronicleOmahaNebraska1933Extant
Omaha GuideOmahaNebraska1927Extant
Omaha StarOmahaNebraska1938Extant
Omaha Whip, TheOmahaNebraska1922Extant
Our Time PressBrooklynNew York1996Extant
Peoples' Advocate, TheNew BernNorth Carolina1886–188?[86]Defunct
People's Advocate, TheAlexandriaVirginia1874Extant
People's Recorder, TheColumbiaSouth Carolina1893–1925[87]Defunct
Philadelphia Independent, ThePhiladelphiaPennsylvania1931–1971Defunct
Philadelphia TribunePhiladelphiaPennsylvania1884Extant
Phoenix Index, ThePhoenixArizona193?–19?[88]Defunct
Phoenix TribunePhoenixArizona1918–193?[89]Defunct
PioneerMontgomeryWest Virginia[5]?Defunct
Pioneer PressMartinsburgWest Virginia1882–19?[5][90]Defunct
Pittsburgh CourierPittsburghPennsylvania1907–1966Defunct
Portland Observer, ThePortlandOregon1970Extant
Portland Times, ThePortlandOregonabout 1919.[91][92][93]Defunct
Professional World, TheColumbiaMissouri1901–192?[94]Defunct
Ravenswood Post Menlo Park California 1953–1981 Defunct
Republican, TheMaryvilleTennessee187?–187?[95]Defunct
Richmond Free PressRichmondVirginia1992Extant
Rising Son, TheKansas CityMissouri1896–19?[96]Defunct
Roanoke TribuneRoanokeVirginia1936Extant
Robbins Eagle, TheRobbinsIllinois1951–1963[97]Defunct
Rock Hill Messenger, TheRock HillSouth Carolina1896–1921[98]Defunct
Sacramento Observer, TheSacramentoCalifornia1962Extant
San Francisco Bay ViewSan FranciscoCalifornia1976Extant
Savannah TribuneSavannahGeorgia1875Extant
Seattle MediumSeattleWashington1970Extant
Seattle Republican, TheSeattleWashington1???–1915[99]Defunct
Sedalia Weekly ConservatorSedaliaMissouri1903–1909[100]Defunct
Semi-Weekly LouisianianNew OrleansLouisiana1871–1872Defunct[101]
Skanner, ThePortlandOregon1975Extant
Soigne`+Swank Magazine[102]WabassoFlorida2020Extant
South Carolina LeaderCharlestonSouth Carolina1865–18?[103]Defunct
South Florida TimesOakland ParkFlorida?Extant
Southern Advocate, TheMound BayouMississippi1933–19?[104]Defunct
Southern Indicator, TheColumbiaSouth Carolina1903–1925[105]Defunct
Southern News, TheAshevilleNorth Carolina1936–19?[106]Defunct
Southland Advocate, TheAshevilleNorth Carolina19??–????[107]Defunct
St. Louis ArgusSt. LouisMissouri1912Extant
St. Louis SentinelSt. LouisMissouri1968Extant
St. Paul EchoSt. PaulMinnesota1925–1927[108]Defunct
Statesman, The. [volume]DenverColorado1889–1906Defunct
Sun-ReporterSan FranciscoCalifornia1943Extant
Tennessee TribuneNashvilleTennessee1992Extant
Enterprise, TheOmahaNebraska1893Extant
Topeka Plaindealer, TheTopekaKansas1900–1932[109]Defunct
Tribune Independent of Michigan, TheDetroitMichigan1933–1935[110]Defunct
Tribune, TheRoanokeVirginia1951–19?[111]Defunct
Tri-State DefenderMemphisTennessee1951Extant
Tulsa Star, TheTulsaOklahoma1913–1921[112]Defunct
Twin City Star, TheMinneapolisMinnesota1910–19?[113]Defunct
Vanguard NewsTerre HauteIndiana1994–1995 [114]Defunct
Voice of the PeopleLaurelMississippi19??–19?[115]Defunct
Washington Afro-American, TheWashingtonD.C.1892Extant
Washington Bee, TheWashingtonD.C.1882–1922[116]Defunct
Washington Informer, TheWashingtonD.C.1964Extant
Washington Sun, TheWashingtonD.C.1960s (mid)Extant
West Virginia DigestCharlestonWest Virginia[5]?Defunct
West Virginia EagleMontgomeryWest Virginia[5]?Defunct
West Virginia EnterpriseCharlestonWest Virginia[5]?Defunct
West Virginia SpokesmanHuntingtonWest Virginia[5]?Defunct
West Virginia WeeklyCharlestonWest Virginia[5]?Defunct
Wilmington JournalWilmingtonNorth Carolina1928[117]Extant
Winston-Salem ChronicleWinston-SalemNorth Carolina1974Extant

Online

By state

Alabama | Alaska | Arizona | Arkansas | California | Colorado | Connecticut | Delaware | Florida | Georgia | Hawaii | Illinois | Indiana | Iowa | Kansas | Kentucky | Louisiana | Maryland | Massachusetts | Michigan | Minnesota | Mississippi | Missouri | Montana | Nebraska | Nevada | New Jersey | New Mexico | New York | North Carolina | Ohio | Oklahoma | Oregon | Pennsylvania | Rhode Island | South Carolina | Tennessee | Texas | Utah | Virginia | Washington (state) | Washington, D. C. | West Virginia | Wisconsin

See also

References

  1. ↑ "92d Buffalo". Arizona Memory Project. Arizona State Library. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  2. ↑ "93d Blue Helmet". Arizona Memory Project. Arizona State Library. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  3. ↑ "The AC Phoenix News (Winston-Salem NC)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  4. ↑ "The Advance. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2637-8205. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Powell Hart, Betty L. (1991). "The Black Press in West Virginia: A Brief History, " in Honoring Our Past : Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History, ed. Joe William Trotter, Jr. and Ancella Radford Bickley. Charleston, WV: Alliance for the Collection, Preservation and Dissemination of West Virginia's Black History. pp. 156–179.
  6. ↑ "African Expositor. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  7. ↑ "Africo-American Presbyterian (Wilmington, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  8. ↑ "The Afro-American Citizen. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1669. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  9. ↑ "Afro-American Courier". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  10. ↑ "Wilmington Daily Record and the Wilmington Journal". African American Heritage Foundation of Wilmington.
  11. ↑ "The Daily Record (Wilmington, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  12. ↑ Gore, Jr., George William (1922). Negro Journalism: An Essay on the History and the Present Condition of the Negro Press. Greencastle, IN: Journalism Press. p. 8.
  13. ↑ "The Appeal. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2163-7075. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  14. ↑ "The Arizona Gleam. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  15. ↑ "Arizona Sun. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  16. ↑ "Arizona Tribune. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  17. ↑ ""Recap: Alexis Scott Shares Atlanta Daily World History on Family Business Radio", Family Business Radio January 12 2012". Familybusinessradio.com. 2012-01-12. Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
  18. ↑ "The Banner-Enterprise. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2576-6902. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  19. ↑ "The Bee. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2157-3298. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  20. ↑ Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0674007888. ISSN 0006-4289 LCCN sn78001557 OCLC 1772794
  21. ↑ "The Broad Ax. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2163-7202. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  22. ↑ "The Bystander. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2332-4554. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  23. ↑ "Charlotta Bass / California Eagle Photograph Collection, 1870–1960". digitallibrary.usc.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  24. ↑ "Cayton's Monthly". Chronicling America. ISSN 2159-5569. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  25. ↑ "Cayton's Weekly". Chronicling America. ISSN 2158-4699. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  26. ↑ "The Century Voice". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  27. ↑ "The Charleston Advocate. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1707. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  28. ↑ "The Chicago Whip". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  29. ↑ "Chicago World". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  30. ↑ "The Christian Banner. (Philadelphia, Pa.), Vol. 2, No. 1, Ed. 1 Friday, January 12, 1900 Page: 1 of 4". Archived from the original on 2018-08-11. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
  31. ↑ "The Colored Citizen. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2326-9685. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  32. ↑ "The Community Citizen". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  33. ↑ "The Concordia Eagle. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2163-7040. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  34. ↑ "Connecticut Chronicle". Chronicling America. ISSN 2642-7109. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  35. ↑ "The Daily Express". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  36. ↑ "Daily National Era. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2471-5328. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  37. ↑ "The Dayton Forum. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  38. ↑ "The Delta Leader". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  39. ↑ "The Denver Star. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2577-2376. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  40. ↑ "Detroit Tribune [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2577-2538. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  41. ↑ "The Detroit Tribune". Chronicling America. ISSN 2577-350X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  42. ↑ "The Echo". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  43. ↑ Talmadge Anderson; James Benjamin Stewart (2007). Introduction to African American Studies: Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications. Black Classic Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-1580730396. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  44. ↑ "The Forum. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  45. ↑ "Franklin's Paper the Denver Star". Chronicling America. ISSN 2577-235X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  46. ↑ "Franklin's Paper the Statesman". Chronicling America. ISSN 2577-2333. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  47. ↑ "The Free Citizen". Chronicling America. ISSN 2165-7742. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  48. ↑ "The Free Press. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1715. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  49. ↑ "The Future Outlook. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  50. ↑ "The Future Outlook (Greensboro, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  51. ↑ "The Gazette. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2474-3143. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  52. ↑ "The Georgetown Planet". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-174X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  53. ↑ "The Golden Rule. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2576-4667. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  54. ↑ "Gossip Depot is Free News Daily with Signup)".
  55. ↑ Smith, Jessie; Bracks, Lean'tin; Wynn, Linda T. (2012). The Complete Encyclopedia of African American History. Visible Ink Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-1578595365.
  56. ↑ "Hartford Chronicle". Chronicling America. ISSN 2642-7125. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  57. ↑ "Hartford-Springfield Chronicle. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2688-9102. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  58. ↑ "The Illinois Times". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  59. ↑ "Iowa State Bystander. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2332-452X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  60. ↑ "The Journal of Industry. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2475-0654. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  61. ↑ "The Kansas City Sun". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-8329. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  62. ↑ "The Langston City Herald. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2158-8929. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  63. ↑ "The Lexington Standard. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2157-1384. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  64. ↑ "The Louisianian. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2326-6287. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  65. ↑ "Maryville Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2331-026X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  66. ↑ "The McDowell Times. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2640-3471. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  67. ↑ "Metropolis Weekly Gazette". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  68. ↑ "Metropolitan News". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  69. ↑ "Missionary Record. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2165-9419. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  70. ↑ "The Montana Plaindealer". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  71. ↑ "The Muskogee Cimeter. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2158-8937. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  72. ↑ "The Nashville Globe. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2373-4892. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  73. ↑ "The National Era. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2471-5301. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  74. ↑ "The National Forum. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 1940-7327. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  75. ↑ "National Savings Bank. [online resource]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  76. ↑ "The New Age. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2326-9650. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  77. ↑ "New England Bulletin". Chronicling America. ISSN 2643-5004. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  78. ↑ "New Era. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2471-6316.
  79. ↑ "New National Era. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2471-6340. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  80. ↑ "North Carolina Gazette". Chronicling America. ISSN 2475-0638. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  81. ↑ "North Carolina Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2474-4492. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  82. ↑ "The Northwestern Bulletin. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  83. ↑ "The Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  84. ↑ "The Ohio Daily-Express". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  85. ↑ "Ohio State News Collection 1944–1952". Ohio History Connection.
  86. ↑ "The Peoples' Advocate. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  87. ↑ "The People's Recorder. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1731. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  88. ↑ "The Phoenix Index". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  89. ↑ "Phoenix Tribune. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  90. ↑ "Pioneer Press [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2640-3714. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  91. ↑ "Negroes Turn to Court". The Morning Oregonian. October 9, 1919. p. 9.
  92. ↑ "The Editor and Publisher 1919-10-30: Vol 52 Iss 22". Duncan McIntosh. 30 October 1919.
  93. ↑ "Negro Editors Sign Armistice". The Editor and Publisher. January 29, 1920.
  94. ↑ "The Professional World". Chronicling America. ISSN 2326-8530. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  95. ↑ "The Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2331-3021. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  96. ↑ "The Rising son. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2165-929X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  97. ↑ "The Robbins Eagle". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  98. ↑ "The Rock Hill Messenger. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1723. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  99. ↑ "The Seattle Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2157-3271. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  100. ↑ "Sedalia weekly Conservator". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-8264. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  101. ↑ "About Semi-weekly Louisianian". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. ISSN 2326-6309. LCCN sn83016631. OCLC 9957091. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  102. ↑ "Soigne'+Swank Magazine". Two Queens Media. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  103. ↑ "South Carolina Leader [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1693. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  104. ↑ "The Southern Advocate". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  105. ↑ "The Southern Indicator [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2166-1758. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  106. ↑ "The Southern News. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  107. ↑ "The Southland Advocate. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  108. ↑ "The St. Paul Echo. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  109. ↑ "The Topeka Plaindealer. [volume]". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  110. ↑ "The Tribune Independent of Michigan. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2577-2562. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  111. ↑ "The Tribune. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  112. ↑ "The Tulsa Star. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 2163-4866. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  113. ↑ "The Twin City Star. [volume]". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  114. ↑ "Inventory: Vanguard News". Vigo County Public Library. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  115. ↑ "Voice of the People". Chronicling America. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  116. ↑ "The Washington Bee. [volume]". Chronicling America. ISSN 1940-7424. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  117. ↑ "The Wilmington Journal". Wilmingtonjournal.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  118. ↑ Parlé Magazine
  119. ↑ "Black News". Black News. Retrieved 2018-02-16.
  120. ↑ The North Star
  121. ↑ "Activist Shaun King On Why He's Reviving Frederick Douglass' 'North Star' Paper". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  122. ↑ Black Report
  123. ↑ "Shine My Crown". Retrieved 11 May 2021.

Further reading

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