LGBT rights in Tennessee
Tennessee (US)
StatusLegal since 1996
(Campbell v. Sundquist)
Gender identityblocked by the Vital Records Act of 1977
Discrimination protectionsSexual orientation and gender identity in employment only federally since 2020, enforcement blocked by the Equal Access to Intrastate Commerce Act, and also its enforcement is additionally blocked by a state court ruling.[1]
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsSame-sex marriage is recognized statewide since 2015
AdoptionLegal since 2007, cancelled out by religious exemptions

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Tennesseans face some legal challenges that non-LGBT Tennesseans do not. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in the state. Marriage licenses have been issued to same-sex couples in Tennessee since the Supreme Court ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015.

Sodomy law

The Tennessee Court of Appeals ruled unanimously that the state's sodomy statute was unconstitutional in 1996 in the case of Campbell v. Sundquist.[2]

In November 2023, the city of Murfreesboro within Tennessee formally removed "homosexuality" from its local ordinance that criminalises it.[3]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Marriage

Prior to the Obergefell v. Hodges ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court, Tennessee recognized neither same-sex marriages nor any other form of same sex-unions. The state banned same-sex marriage both by statute and by constitutional amendment.

In March 2023, the state house passed HB 878 to allow government employees to refuse to solemnize a marriage that went against their personal beliefs.[4]

House Bill 1111

Domestic partnership

Map of Tennessee counties and cities that offer domestic partner benefits either county-wide or in particular cities.
  City offers domestic partner benefits
  County-wide partner benefits through domestic partnership
  County or city does not offer domestic partner benefits

The cities of Collegedale[5] and Knoxville[6] together with the Metropolitan Area of Nashville and Davidson County[7][8] have enacted domestic partnership benefits for same-sex couples. The Chattanooga City Council voted to allow domestic partnerships in 2013, but this was repealed by voters in August 2014.[9] However, same-sex marriages have been available throughout Tennessee since the June 2015 Supreme Court ruling overturning same-sex marriage bans nationwide.

Adoption and parenting

Tennessee allows single persons to adopt children. Same-sex couples may legally adopt in the state. In 2007, the Tennessee Attorney General released an opinion that no state law prohibited adoption by same-sex couples and that such adoptions could be made if in the child's best interest.[10]

In January 2020, the Tennessee General Assembly, returning for its first session of the year, immediately passed a bill to allow adoption and welfare agencies to reject LGBTQ parents if the agency cited its “sincerely held religious beliefs." The exemption would protect the agencies from liability and lawsuits. 11 other US jurisdictions have similar laws. Governor Bill Lee signed the bill into law, and it took effect immediately.[11][12]

Discrimination protections

Map of Tennessee counties and cities that have sexual orientation and/or gender identity anti–employment discrimination ordinances circa 2016
  Sexual orientation and gender identity solely in public employment
  Sexual orientation in public employment
  Does not protect sexual orientation and gender identity in employment

State and federal

Tennessee law does not prohibit discrimination of the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity.[13] Since 2020, the federal protections stemming from the Supreme Court's rulings in Bostock v. Clayton County and R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission have been available in Tennessee.

This was followed in January 2021 by executive orders from the Biden administration, enabling sanctions against schools and colleges that did not follow the directives of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or Department of Education on the protection of gay, lesbian and transgender students. Allowed actions against non-complying schools included legal action, civil penalties and withholding of federal funding. Twenty state-attorneys general joined a suit against enforcement of the executive order and on July 15, 2022, a federal judge of the Eastern District of Tennessee issued a preliminary injunction, temporarily preventing the two agencies from enforcing their directives under the presidential order. The federal discrimination protections still apply in all twenty states, only the specific enforcements outlined in the executive order are temporarily blocked, pending continuing legal proceedings.[14][15]

Local

The cities of Knoxville,[16] Memphis,[17] Franklin, Chattanooga[18] and the Metropolitan Area of Nashville and Davidson County[19] have ordinances prohibiting discrimination in public employment on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, but these ordinances do not apply to private employers.[20] The Equal Access to Interstate Commerce Act blocks this from being enforced.

HB 563

This "local preemption" bill would prevent government agencies from examining a business's anti-discrimination policies when deciding whether to hire that business for a taxpayer-funded contract. A scheduled vote in the Tennessee House was rescheduled from March 14, 2019, to March 21.[21]

Equal Access to Intrastate Commerce Act

Senate Bill 1556

R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes v. EEOC

On March 7, 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (covering Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio and Tennessee) ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination against transgender people under the category of sex. It also ruled that employers may not use the Religious Freedom Restoration Act to justify discrimination against LGBT people. Aimee Stephens, a transgender woman, began working for a funeral home and presented as male. In 2013, she told her boss that she was transgender and planned to transition. She was promptly fired by her boss who said that "gender transition violat[es] God's commands because a person's sex is an immutable God-given fit."[22] With this decision, discrimination in the workplace based on gender identity is now banned in Tennessee.

An appeal to the case was heard by the Supreme Court, argued on October 7, 2019, term under R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. It was assigned docket number 17-1618, and decided on June 14, 2020. The finding was that employers firing individuals merely for being LGBTQ+ violate Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in so doing.[23][24] The case was decided 6 to 3.

State of TN, et. al. v USDA, et. al.

On July 26, 2022, Brandon J. Smith, Chief of Staff for then Attorney General and Reporter of Tennessee Herbert H Slatery III, signed a court filing of a lawsuit wherein the states of Tennessee, Indiana, Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, and West Virginia all sued the US federal government, specifically the US Department of Agriculture; Cindy Long, the Administrator of Food and Nutrition Service at the USDA; and Roberto Contreras, the Director of Food and Nutrition Service Civil Rights Division at the USDA.[25] At issue was Executive Order 13988, signed January 20, 2021. The order prevented discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity, a blanket directive to comply with the Bostock SCOTUS decision.[26]

Pursuant to that executive order, the USDA issued a policy update on May 5, 2022. Memo CRD 01-2022 set forth policies to make certain that no discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity takes place when states process applications for SNAP benefits.[27]

The above named states sued the USDA claiming that implementing the nondiscrimination policy would put an undue burden on the states, specifically relying on the requirements of the Administrative Procedures Act and the fact that the states were not given opportunity to comment prior to the USDA policy memo being implemented.[28] It also argued that the USDA was trying to circumvent Congress and write law.[29]

U.S. District Judge Travis R. McDonough decided the case on March 29, 2023, ruling that the plaintiff states were exaggerating the issues at hand. The ruling states, "Does a regulation interpreting [7 U.S.C. § 2011, et seq., and 20 U.S.C. § 1681, et seq.] to prohibit such food assistance discrimination upend everything from free speech and religious freedom to living facilities and sports teams? Plaintiff States insist they do, but the Court disagrees."[30] He went on to grant the USDA's motion to dismiss the case, at one point saying, “This case is about food stamps and nutrition education, not bathrooms, sports teams, free speech, or religious exercise,” and continuing, "Plaintiff States’ insistence to the contrary is no more than an invitation to join a political discussion untethered to applicable statutes and precedent.”[30][31]

As of March 2023, current Tennessee AG Jonathan Skrmetti's office is considering an appeal.[31] On April 18, 2023, a motion was filed for Attorney General Eric Hamilton to appear pro hac vice. The motion was granted.[32]

Hate crime law

Tennessee law has punished hate crime on the basis of sexual orientation since 2001. The law does not explicitly include gender identity, though it is covered by federal law.[33] Tennessee Attorney General Herbert H. Slatery stated in February 2019 that hate crime laws implicitly cover gender identity, because gender or sex is explicitly covered in Tennessee hate crime legislation - a legal first for a southern US state.[34]

The opinion was issued in response to a query by Representative Mike Stewart (D-Nashville), who asked, "If a defendant selects the person against whom he commits a crime because the person is transgender, may a court enhance the defendant’s sentence under § 40-35-114(17)?"[35] The question was raised in response to state Senator Sara Kyle filing a bill in the Tennessee Senate in 2018 to explicitly add gender identity to the hate crime statute. After the opinion, Stewart told reporters, "Let's see how the courts actually utilize the law in practice and let's see how much protection it provides."[36]

AG Slatery's formal opinion stated that a crime committed against someone because they are transgender is covered under the queried statute, as, "a crime committed against a person because that person manifests a gender that is different than his or her biological gender at birth—i.e. a crime committed against a person because he or she is transgender—is thus necessarily committed because of, at least in part, the person’s gender."[35][37][38]

The Tennessee Bureau of Investigation's hate crime statistics report from 2019 through 2021 records 0 incidents against transgender persons in 2019, 1 in 2020, and 2 in 2021.[39] The numbers might be underreported, however, as the DOJ records at least 1 crime committed against a Tennessean as a result of their gender identity in 2019.[40] It is also possible that intersecting regulations cause crimes that would qualify as hate crimes to not be investigated as such.[41]

Gender identity and expression

Identity documents

In 1977, the Tennessee state legislature prohibited the state from altering the sex on a birth certificate. According to the Tenn. Code Ann. § 68-3-203(d): “The sex of an individual shall not be changed on the original certificate of birth as a result of sex change surgery."[42][43]

Athletics

On March 26, 2021, Governor Bill Lee signed a bill to ban transgender youth from school athletic sports.[44] The bill had passed the Tennessee Senate on March 1 (the vote was 27–6)[45] and the Tennessee House of Representatives on March 22 (the voice vote was 71–16 with 5 abstentions).[46] The ACLU threatened to sue.[47] Mississippi, Arkansas, Alabama, West Virginia and Idaho have similar laws.

Previous efforts

When the Tennessee state legislature reconvened in May 2020 during the coronavirus health crisis, the House moved HB 1572[48] and HB 1689[49] targeting transgender student athletes. The Senate also had the ability to move SB 1736[50] (its version of HB 1689), as this had been under consideration before the Legislature adjourned in March.

Medical care

In March 2020, before the House adjourned during the coronavirus health crisis, it had been considering HB 2576[51] and HB 2827,[52] targeting medical care for transgender youth. In May 2021, the Governor Bill Lee signed into law effective immediately and passing the Tennessee General Assembly a puberty blockers ban on prepubescent children (usually under 13 or 14 years old). Arkansas has a similar law, but it applies to anyone under 18 years old.[53]

In February 2023, the ban was expanded to make it illegal to provide gender-affirming healthcare to any trans person under 18, both in-state and via telehealth from out of state. Governor Lee signed the bill into law on March 1, 2023, alongside the Tennessee Adult Entertainment Act.[54][55]

Under the law, no minors could begin receiving gender-affirming care after July 1, 2023, and minors who had already begun receiving gender-affirming care prior to that date would have that care entirely withdrawn by March 31, 2024. People who receive gender-affirming care as minors and who later regret it will be able to sue their parents, guardians, and physicians.[56][57][58] The law also allows the Tennessee Attorney General to sue any healthcare professional providing such care to be sued for $25,000.[55][59]

On April 26, 2023, the United States Department of Justice joined the ACLU and Lambda Legal in suing the state of Tennessee, asking the court to declare the healthcare ban unconstitutional.[60][61][62][63] A federal court issued a partial temporary injunction on June 28, 2023,[64] saying, "If Tennessee wishes to regulate access to certain medical procedures, it must do so in a manner that does not infringe on the rights conferred by the United States Constitution, which is of course supreme to all other laws of the land."[65] By June 30, Skrmetti had filed a motion with the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals to obtain a stay on the District Court's judgement.[66] The emergency appeal was granted by Judge Sutton, halting Judge Richardson's ruling from taking effect.[67]

On July 8, 2023, the ruling from the District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee was temporarily reversed.[68][69][70][71] One of the reasons cited for removing the injunction was the Dobbs case; another was that the court said it saw no evidence that the treatment at issue is "deeply rooted in our history and traditions."[72][73] The dissenting justice, Judge White, said that she believed the law to be unconstitutional and because of that she would have only narrowed the scope of the injunction rather than issued a stay as the Appellate Court chose to do.[74]

Judge Sutton also noted that this is a preliminary ruling, acknowledging, "We may be wrong."[75] He has set a goal for resolving the case by September 30, 2023.[76] Some have already considered that this case is likely to end up before SCOTUS.[77][78]

In June 2023, the Attorney General's office mandated that Vanderbilt University Medical Center turn over the medical records of all patients referred to the transgender clinic for gender-affirming care. AG Skrmetti has stated that the investigation is into allegations of fraud following videos and tweets posted by Matt Walsh.[79][80] VUMC complied.[81][82][83] Two patients sued.[84][85] Separately, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is investigating on the basis of federal civil rights laws.[86]

Bathrooms

On May 2, 2019, Tennessee governor Bill Lee signed into law legislation defining a trans person using the bathroom corresponding with their gender identity as "indecent exposure." The Tennessee Equality Project had complained about the bill's original language, and although that language was altered before it became law, the organization still believed the bill was harmful to trans people.[87]

In May 2021, another “bathroom bill 2.0” for Tennessee school students and small businesses was passed and signed into law by the Tennessee General Assembly and Tennessee Governor Bill Lee.[88] It banned transgender students from using bathrooms within public schools and required small businesses to post warning signs if they allow transgender people in multiperson bathrooms. Small-business owners faced up to 6 months jail for noncompliance.[89][90][91] This went farther than the 2016 North Carolina bathroom law that, due to economic and social damage, North Carolina repealed in 2019.[92][93][94][95][96] Although Tennessee's law took effect on July 1, 2021, a federal judge placed an injunction on it on July 9 and later struck it down entirely in May 2022, partly on the grounds that it violated business owners' First Amendment rights.[97][98]

Nashville District Attorney Response

In May 2021, Nashville Davidson County business owners and citizens learned they would not be subjected to criminal prosecution if they refused to comply with the transgender bathroom sign bill because District Attorney General Glenn Funk said his office would not dedicate any resources to enforcing the legislation he called hateful and harmful.[99]

DA Funk released the following statement about the legislation:

“I believe every person is welcome and valued in Nashville,” Nashville District Attorney General Glenn Funk said in a statement. “Enforcement of transphobic or homophobic laws is contrary to those values. My office will not promote hate.” [100]

Injunction

In July 2021, a federal judge with an injunction immediately stopped the Tennessee "bathroom signs law" within small businesses - from going into legal effect. Other lawsuits and appeals within state and federal courts are pending awaiting outcomes.[101][102][103]

Public school bathroom lawsuits

In August 2021, several lawsuits were filed in both state and federal courts and to also "sue the whole state of Tennessee" - to put a stop the enforcement of the public school bathroom law within Tennessee that went into effect on July 1.[104][105]

Transgender sports and pronouns bans

In April 2022, a further two bills was passed by the Tennessee General Assembly. The Governor of Tennessee Bill Lee is yet to either sign or veto any of the two bills. The first bill legally "bans the usage of student pronouns by teachers within Tennessee school classrooms, and to also prevent any litigation against individuals within courts of the usage of those pronouns" and the second bill legally "bans transgender individuals playing any sports, athletics and/or Olympics within Tennessee colleges" (not just schools, removing a loophole).[106][107]

Drag performances

In November 2022, the Tennessee General Assembly prefiled a bill to redefine the legal definition of "adult cabaret performance" to ban any "male or female impersonators" from any public property or anywhere they could be seen by someone who's not an adult, under criminal penalty. Instructor Alejandra Caraballo of Harvard Law School was quoted as saying the bill could easily "be applied to trans people for simply existing as themselves", and that, "They're not just going after drag queens, they are trying to criminalize trans and queer people in public spaces."[108] In February 2023, both houses of the state legislature passed the bill, sending it to the governor.[109][110] Governor Bill Lee had said he would sign it. During a subsequent protest over the bill, two people - one trans woman, and one drag queen - were arrested by Memphis Police after shouting "Drag is not a crime" and "Bill Lee is a Nazi".[111] The bill has since been signed.[112]

Memphis DA, Steven J. Mulroy called the anti-drag bill "ill advised" he also stated that while enforcing it, he wouldn't focus on it.[113] In March, hours before the bill would be enacted, Judge Thomas Parker of United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee halted the bill to review it. The judge questioned the bill and its lack of qualifications, stating, "The law prohibits a drag performer wearing a crop top and mini skirt from dancing where minors might see it, but does not prohibit a Tennessee Titans cheerleader wearing an identical outfit from performing the exact same dance in front of children."[114] In June 2023, the law was formally declared unconstitutional by a judge as vague and overbroad.[115]

Tennessee's Attorney General, Jonathan Skrmetti, has filed a Notice of Appeal.[116][117] He has also offered his legal opinion that Judge Parker's ruling is only valid for Shelby County and that the law remains in effect for the rest of the state.[118]

Living conditions

LGBT people are often discriminated against,[119] refused service,[120] and beaten.[121][122][123][124][125][126] Attackers who fatally wound LGBT people could use the gay/trans panic defense to lower or eliminate punishment.[127] Often police and legal officials are sympathetic towards the anti-LGBT aggressors and turn a blind eye to attacks[128] often calling homosexual attractions a sin.[129]

Mandatory parental permission opt-in law

In April 2021, a bill passed the Tennessee General Assembly that legally requires mandatory parental permission opt-in - before their child or children is being taught about "sexual orientation and gender identity sex education subject curriculum choices and theories" within classrooms in all Tennessee public schools. The Governor of Tennessee Bill Lee signed the bill into law in May 2021.[130][131][132][133][134][135]

Economic impact on Tennessee

In April 2021, it was reported that widespread economic and social impacts on Tennessee could be felt - due to the amount of anti-LGBT bills and laws within Tennessee (like a similar situation back in 2016 within North Carolina regarding the bathroom laws).[136]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal Yes (Since 1996)
Equal age of consent (18) Yes (Since 1996)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment Yes Federally protected since SCOTUS 2020 ruling in the Bostock v. Clayton County case
Anti-discrimination laws in housing No (Prohibited by the Equal Access to Intrastate Commerce Act since 2011)
Anti-discrimination laws in public accommodations No (Prohibited by the Equal Access to Intrastate Commerce Act since 2011)
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services No (Prohibited by the Equal Access to Intrastate Commerce Act since 2011)
Anti-discrimination laws in schools and colleges No (Prohibited by the Equal Access to Intrastate Commerce Act since 2011) also even though it's federal law the enforcement is also blocked by a Tennessee judge[1]
LGBT Anti-bullying law in schools No (Only in Nashville and Memphis) (Prohibited by the Equal Access to Intrastate Commerce Act since 2011)
Hate crime laws include sexual orientation No (Only in Nashville and Memphis) (Prohibited by the Equal Access to Intrastate Commerce Act since 2011)
Hate crime laws include gender identity or expression No One legal opinion claims it's protected, but this is just an opinion, it's not officially put in law.
Transgender persons in prisons, jails, juvenile detentions, etc. required to be housed according to their gender identity and coverage of transition healthcare No
Gender confirmation surgery, puberty blockers, hormone replacement therapy and other transition-related healthcare for transgender people required to be covered under health insurance and state Medicaid policies No
Transgender people allowed to use restrooms and other gender-segregated spaces that correspond with their gender identity No (HB 1151, passed in 2019, Defines a trans person using the bathroom or locker-room of their gender identity as "indecent exposure" and technically makes transgender people using the bathroom of their gender identity a Class B Misdemeanor)
Transgender people allowed to participate in the sport of their gender identity No Blocked by Law SB 0228 [137]
Gender-neutral bathrooms No
Same-sex marriages Yes (since 2015)
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples No Yes, blocked by moral exemptions allowing LGBT to be rejected for religious reasons
Joint adoption by same-sex couples No Yes, blocked by moral exemptions allowing LGBT to be rejected for religious reasons
Access to IVF for lesbians No
Surrogacy arrangements legal for gay male couples No Yes, blocked by moral exemptions allowing LGBT to be rejected for religious reasons
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual people allowed to serve openly in the military Yes (Since 2011)
Transgender people allowed to serve openly in the military Yes (Since 2021)[138]
Transvestites allowed to serve openly in the military No (Cross-dressing banned in the military since 2012)[139]
Intersex people allowed to serve openly in the military No (Current DoD policy bans "hermaphrodites" from serving or enlisting in the military)
Right to change legal gender Yes
Third gender option No
LGBT education No
Gay panic defense abolished No
Conversion therapy banned No
Intersex minors protected from invasive surgical procedures No
Homosexuality declassified as a mental illness Yes (Since 1973)
Transgender identity declassified as a mental illness No (Reclassified as "gender dysphoria" under DSM-5 since 2013, and diagnosis of gender dysphoria is usually required in order to access transition care)[140]
Intersex sex characteristics declassified as a physical deformity No
MSMs allowed to donate blood Yes/No (Since 2020, 3 month deferral period - federal policy)[141]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Tennessee Federal Judge Blocks Biden Administration LGBTQ Protections".
  2. ↑ "Campbell v. Sundquist 926 S.W.2d 255". American Psychological Association. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ "TN bill that allows government employees to refuse solemnizing marriages passes House, deferred in Senate committee". WBIR-TV. 2023-03-15. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
  5. ↑ Birch, Joe (Aug 6, 2013). Blow, Ashli (ed.). "Collegedale first TN city to offer benefits to same-sex domestic partners". WMC-TV. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
  6. ↑ Wigdahl, Heidi (October 17, 2013). "Knoxville expanding employee benefits to same-sex, domestic partners". WBIR. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
  7. ↑ Cass, Michael (2014-06-17). "Metro Council approves domestic partner benefits". The Tennessean. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
  8. ↑ "Nashville | Mayor Signs Domestic Partner Benefits Into Law". www.nashville.gov. 2014-06-25. Archived from the original on 2014-08-11. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
  9. ↑ Brogdon, Louie (2015-07-21). "Chattanooga City Council passes much-debated anti-discrimination ordinance". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
  10. ↑ "Tennessee Adoption Law". Human Rights Campaign. December 14, 2009. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
  11. ↑ Theresa Waldrop (25 January 2020). "Tennessee governor signs bill allowing adoption agencies to reject LGBTQ applicants". CNN. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  12. ↑ "Tennessee governor says he will sign anti-gay adoption bill". NBC News. Associated Press. 2020-01-15. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
  13. ↑ "Public Chapter No. 278" (PDF). State of Tennessee. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  14. ↑ Satterfield, Jamie (19 July 2022). "Tennessee Federal Judge Blocks Biden Administration LGBTQ Protections". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  15. ↑
  16. ↑ Witt, Gerald (May 1, 2012). "Knoxville City Council passes anti-discrimination ordinance". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  17. ↑ "Memphis includes gays under anti-discrimination". OutSmart. Associated Press. 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2023-07-23. The Memphis City Council has included sexual orientation and gender identity in an ordinance that bans discrimination in city hiring.
  18. ↑ Brogdon, Louie (July 21, 2015). "Chattanooga City Council passes much-debated anti-discrimination ordinance". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  19. ↑ "Statement of Non-Discrimination". Nashville.gov. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  20. ↑ Ridley, Jim (May 26, 2011). "By giving his approval to the noxious HB600, Gov. Bill Haslam sells out Tennessee to a far-right agenda". Nashville Scene. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  21. ↑ "111th Tennessee General Assembly: HB0563". Tennessee General Assembly. 2019. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
  22. ↑ Mark Joseph Stern (March 7, 2018). "Businesses Can't Fire Trans Employees for Religious Reasons, Federal Appeals Court Rules in Landmark Decision". Slate. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  23. ↑ "Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U.S. ___ (2020)". Justia Law. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  24. ↑ Liptak, Adam (2020-06-15). "Civil Rights Law Protects Gay and Transgender Workers, Supreme Court Rules". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  25. ↑ Smith, Brandon J (26 July 2022). "Case 3:22-cv-00257 Document 1" (PDF). tn.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  26. ↑ "Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation". The White House. 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  27. ↑ Contreras, Roberto (2022-05-05). "Application of Bostock v. Clayton County to Program Discrimination Complaint Processing – Policy Update | Food and Nutrition Service. Memo CRD 01-2022". www.fns.usda.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  28. ↑ Storey, Ty (2022-07-26). "Alabama, Mississippi, 20 other states file lawsuit aimed at new SNAP, Title IX guidelines". ABC 11 Meridian. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  29. ↑ Winslow, Ben (2022-06-28). "Utah joins lawsuit over anti-discrimination measures in school meal programs". Fox13 Now Salt Lake City. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  30. 1 2 McDonough, Judge Travis R. (2023-03-29). "Order on Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim AND Order on Motion for Preliminary Injunction AND Order on Motion to Dismiss/Lack of Jurisdiction | Tennessee v. U.S. Department of Agriculture E.D. Tenn | Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse". clearinghouse.net. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  31. 1 2 Larson, Erik (2023-03-29). "LGBTQ food stamp lawsuit by GOP states dismissed". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2023-07-27 – via The Brunswick News.
  32. ↑ "State of Tennessee v. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 3:22-cv-00257 - CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  33. ↑ "Tennessee". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  34. ↑ Burkholder, Katie (February 21, 2019). "Tennessee Becomes First Southern State With Hate Crime Protections for Trans People". The GA Voice. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  35. 1 2 Slatery, III, Herbert H. (2019-02-08). "Opinion No. 19-01: Sentence Enhancement for Hate Crimes Against Transgender Individuals" (PDF). TN.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  36. ↑ Allison, Natalie (2019-02-14). "Tennessee becomes first state in the South with hate crime law protecting transgender people". The Tennessean. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  37. ↑ "Tenn. AG: Sentencing law applies to transgender hate crimes". News Channel 11, Johnson City. 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  38. ↑ "Slatery: Transgender Individuals Covered Under Hate Crime Law - TBA Law Blog". Tennessee Bar Association. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  39. ↑ "Tennessee Bureau of Investigation 2021 Hate Crime Annual Report" (PDF). 2022-08-22. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  40. ↑ "Hate Crimes Fact Sheet | Department of Justice - Tennessee Hate Crimes Incidents in 2019". www.justice.gov. 2019. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  41. ↑ Krause, Carolyn (2023-05-05). "Why hate speech can't always be prosecuted as a hate crime". The Oak Ridger. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  42. ↑ "Tennessee". National Center for Transgender Equality. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  43. ↑ Aviles, Gwen (24 April 2019). "Trans plaintiffs sue Tennessee to change birth certificate gender". NBC News. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  44. ↑ Hammonds, Rebekah (26 March 2021). "Governor Lee signs anti-trans athlete bill 'to preserve women's athletics'". WTVF. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  45. ↑ Yu, Yue Stella. "Tennessee Senate passes bill barring transgender students from playing high school sports under their gender identity". The Tennessean. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  46. ↑ Whittington, Jordan (2021-03-22). "Bill banning transgender athletes in Tennessee passes House, moves to governor's desk". WZTV. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  47. ↑ "We'll see them in court". Twitter. ACLU. 2021-03-26. Retrieved 2021-03-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  48. ↑ "105th Tennessee General Assembly Legislation: HB1572". wapp.capitol.tn.gov. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2023-07-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  49. ↑ "105th Tennessee General Assembly Legislation: HB1689". wapp.capitol.tn.gov. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  50. ↑ "105th Tennessee General Assembly Legislation: SB1736". wapp.capitol.tn.gov. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  51. ↑ "106th Tennessee General Assembly Legislation: HB2576". wapp.capitol.tn.gov. 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
  52. ↑ "106th Tennessee General Assembly Legislation: HB2827". wapp.capitol.tn.gov. 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
  53. ↑ Kruesi, Kimberlee (2021-05-19). "Tennessee Gov. Bill Lee signs ban on gender-confirming treatment into law". WZTV. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  54. ↑ "Tennessee bans gender-affirming health care for Trans youth". Los Angeles Blade. 2023-03-02. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  55. 1 2 Mizelle, Shawna (2023-03-03). "Tennessee governor signs ban on gender-affirming care for minors". CNN. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
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