Agusan
Native toPhilippines
RegionMindanao
Native speakers
(80,000 cited 1978–2002)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
msm  Agusan, Omayamnon
mbd  Dibabawon
mqk  Rajah Kabunsuwan
Glottologeast2478

Agusan is a Manobo language of northeastern Mindanao in the Philippines.

Distribution and dialects

Agusan Manobo (consisting of the Umayam, Adgawan, Surigao, and Omayamnon dialects) is spoken in the following areas.[2]

Dibabawon Manobo is spoken in the following areas.[3]

Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo is spoken in the following areas.[4]

The Omayamnon, Dibabawon, and Rajah Kabunsuwan dialects are divergent.

Phonology

Consonants

In Agusan, the stops have unreleased variants when occurring before another consonant, silence, and in syllable-final position.[5] The glottal stop /ʔ/ occurs in all consonant positions.[5] Of the continuants, all occur in syllable-initial position and all except /h/ in word-final position. The consonants /d/ and /j/ are used interchangeably.[5]

Agusan Manobo consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative s h
Flap ɾ
Approximant w l j

Vowels

Agusan has only five vowels, /i/, /u/, /e/, /æ/, and /a/. Vowels may appear alone, after a consonant, or between consonants in a syllable. All vowels, with the exception of /æ/, may occur "in a sequence of identical vowels separated by a glottal stop". The vowel /e/ never occurs next to the consonant /r/.[5]

Agusan Manobo vowels
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e
Low æ a

References

  1. Agusan, Omayamnon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Dibabawon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Rajah Kabunsuwan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Ethnologue
  3. Ethnologue
  4. Ethnologue
  5. 1 2 3 4 Weaver, Daniel H.; Weaver, Marilou (1963). "The phonology of Agusan Manobo (with special reference to æ)". In Wolfenden, Elmer (ed.). Papers on Philippine Languages 1. Manila: Institute for Language Teaching and Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 1–6.


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