Regulatory protein GAL4
Identifiers
OrganismSaccharomyces cerevisiae
SymbolGAL4
Entrez855828
UniProtP04386
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro

The Gal4 transcription factor is a positive regulator of gene expression of galactose-induced genes.[1] This protein represents a large fungal family of transcription factors, Gal4 family, which includes over 50 members in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae e.g. Oaf1, Pip2, Pdr1, Pdr3, Leu3.[2]

Gal4 recognizes genes with UASG, an upstream activating sequence, and activates them. In yeast cells, the principal targets are GAL1 (galactokinase), GAL10 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase), and GAL7 (galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase), three enzymes required for galactose metabolism. This binding has also proven useful in constructing the GAL4/UAS system, a technique for controlling expression in insects.[3] In yeast, Gal4 is by default repressed by Gal80, and activated in the presence of galactose as Gal3 binds away Gal80.[4]

Domains

Two executive domains, DNA binding and activation domains, provide key function of the Gal4 protein conforming to most of the transcription factors.

Gal4 domains and regulation

DNA binding

Gal4 N-terminus is a zinc finger and belongs to the Zn(2)-C6 fungal family. It forms a Zn – cysteines thiolate cluster,[5][6] and specifically recognizes UASG in GAL1 promoter. [7][8]

Gal4 transactivation

Localised to the C-terminus, belongs to the nine amino acids transactivation domain family, 9aaTAD, together with Oaf1, Pip2, Pdr1, Pdr3, but also p53, E2A, MLL.[9][10]

Regulation

Galactose induces Gal4 mediated transcription albeit Glucose causes severe repression.[11][12]

As a part of the Gal4 regulation, inhibitory protein Gal80 recognises and binds to the Gal4 region (853-874 aa).[13][14][15]

The inhibitory protein Gal80 is sequestered by regulatory protein Gal3 in Galactose dependent manner. This allows for Gal4 to work when there is galactose.[16][4][17][18]

Mutants

The Gal4 loss-of-function mutant gal4-64 (1-852 aa, deletion of the Gal4 C-terminal 29 aa) lost both interaction with Gal80 and activation function.[19][20][21]

In the Gal4 reverted mutant Gal4C-62 mutant,[22] a sequence (QTAY N AFMN) with the 9aaTAD pattern emerged and restored activation function of the Gal4 protein.

Inactive constructs

The activation domain Gal4 is inhibited by C-terminal domain in some Gal4 constructs.[23][24]

Function

Target

Transcription

The Gal4 activation function is mediated by MED15 (Gal11).[25][26][27][28][29][30][31]

The Gal4 protein interacts also with other mediators of transcription as are Tra1,[32][33][34] TAF9,[35] and SAGA/MED15 complex.[36][37]

Proteosome

A subunit of the 26 S proteasome Sug2 regulatory protein has a molecular and functional interaction with Gal4 function.[38][39] Proteolytic turnover of the Gal4 transcription factor is not required for function in vivo.[40] The native Gal4 monoubiquitination protects from 19S-mediated destabilizing under inducing conditions.[41]

Application

The broad use of the Gal4 is in yeast two-hybrid screening to screen or to assay protein-protein interactions in eukaryotic cells from yeast to human.

In the GAL4/UAS system, the Gal4 protein and Gal4 upstream activating region (UAS) are used to study the gene expression and function in organisms such as the fruit fly.[3]

The Gal4 and inhibitory protein Gal80 have found application in a genetics technique for creating individually labeled homozygous cells called MARCM (Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker).

See also

References

  1. Klar AJ, Halvorson HO (1974). "Studies on the positive regulatory gene, GAL4, in regulation of galactose catabolic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Molecular & General Genetics. 135 (3): 203–12. doi:10.1007/BF00268616. PMID 4376212. S2CID 26014344.
  2. Schjerling P, Holmberg S (December 1996). "Comparative amino acid sequence analysis of the C6 zinc cluster family of transcriptional regulators". Nucleic Acids Research. 24 (23): 4599–607. doi:10.1093/nar/24.23.4599. PMC 146297. PMID 8967907.
  3. 1 2 Duffy JB (2002). "GAL4 system in Drosophila: a fly geneticist's Swiss army knife". Genesis. 34 (1–2): 1–15. doi:10.1002/gene.10150. PMID 12324939. S2CID 5073328.
  4. 1 2 Jiang F, Frey BR, Evans ML, Friel JC, Hopper JE (October 2009). "Gene activation by dissociation of an inhibitor from a transcriptional activation domain". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 29 (20): 5604–10. doi:10.1128/MCB.00632-09. PMC 2756894. PMID 19651897.
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  6. Pan T, Coleman JE (March 1990). "The DNA binding domain of GAL4 forms a binuclear metal ion complex". Biochemistry. 29 (12): 2023–9. doi:10.1021/bi00464a019. PMID 2186803.
  7. Keegan L, Gill G, Ptashne M (February 1986). "Separation of DNA binding from the transcription-activating function of a eukaryotic regulatory protein". Science. 231 (4739): 699–704. Bibcode:1986Sci...231..699K. doi:10.1126/science.3080805. PMID 3080805.
  8. Giniger E, Varnum SM, Ptashne M (April 1985). "Specific DNA binding of GAL4, a positive regulatory protein of yeast". Cell. 40 (4): 767–74. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90336-8. PMID 3886158. S2CID 31663066.
  9. Ding WV, Johnston SA (May 1997). "The DNA binding and activation domains of Gal4p are sufficient for conveying its regulatory signals". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (5): 2538–49. doi:10.1128/MCB.17.5.2538. PMC 232103. PMID 9111323.
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