The Financial Review Rich List 2018 is the 35th annual survey of the wealthiest people resident in Australia, published by The Australian Financial Review on 25 May 2018.[1]
The net worth of the wealthiest individual, Anthony Pratt, was A$12.90 billion; while the net worth of the 200th wealthiest individual, Radek Sali, was A$387 million; up from $341 million in 2017.[2] The combined wealth of the 200 individuals was calculated as A$282.7 billion;[1] compared with a combined wealth of A$6.4 billion in 1984 when the BRW Rich 200 commenced.[3] Nineteen women were included on the 2018 Rich List, representing 8.5 percent of the list.[2] The average age was 66 years. The list included a record 76 individuals whose net worth was one billion or more, an increase of 16 from 2017; and about one-quarter of those billionaires lived offshore at the time of the list's publication.[1]
List of individuals
2018[1] | Name | Citizenship | Source of wealth | 2017[4][5] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Net worth A$ bn |
Rank | Net worth A$ bn | |||
1 ![]() | 12.90 ![]() | Anthony Pratt | ![]() | Visy Industries; Pratt Industries | 1 ![]() | 12.60 ![]() |
2 ![]() | 12.77 ![]() | Harry Triguboff AO | ![]() | Meriton Apartments | 2 ![]() | 11.40 ![]() |
3 ![]() | 12.68 ![]() | Gina Rinehart | ![]() | Hancock Prospecting; investment | 3 ![]() | 10.40 ![]() |
4 ![]() | 9.09 ![]() | Hui Wing Mau | ![]() ![]() | Shimao Property | 8 ![]() | 5.96 ![]() |
5 ![]() | 8.42 ![]() | Sir Frank Lowy AC | ![]() | ex-Westfield; property (shopping centres) | 4 ![]() | 8.26 ![]() |
6 ![]() | 8.32 ![]() | Ivan Glasenberg | ![]() ![]() ![]() | Glencore commodities trading | 5 ![]() | 6.85 ![]() |
7 ![]() | 6.45 ![]() | John Gandel AC | ![]() | Property (shopping centres) | 7 ![]() | 6.05 ![]() |
8 ![]() | 6.10 ![]() | Andrew Forrest AO | ![]() | Fortescue Metals Group | 6 ![]() | 6.84 ![]() |
9 ![]() | 5.88 ![]() | Vivek Chaand Sehgal | ![]() | Motherson Sumi Systems | n/a | not listed |
10 ![]() | 5.50 ![]() | James Packer | ![]() | Crown Resorts; Consolidated Media Holdings | 9 ![]() | 4.79 ![]() |
11 ![]() | 5.16 ![]() | Scott Farquhar | ![]() | Atlassian | 18![]() | 2.51 ![]() |
12 ![]() | 5.16 ![]() | Mike Cannon-Brookes | ![]() | 17 ![]() | 2.51 ![]() | |
13 ![]() | 4.93 ![]() | Kerry Stokes AC | ![]() | Property; Seven West Media; resources | 14 | 2.90 ![]() |
14 ![]() | 4.02 ![]() | Len Ainsworth AM | ![]() | Gaming; manufacturing | 11 | 3.07 ![]() |
15 ![]() | 3.99 ![]() | Stan Perron AM | ![]() | Property | 10 ![]() | 3.90 ![]() |
16 ![]() | 3.87 ![]() | Alan Wilson and family | ![]() | Reece Group | n/a | not listed |
17 ![]() | 3.56 ![]() | Lindsay Fox AC | ![]() | Linfox; property | 13 ![]() | 2.91 ![]() |
18 ![]() | 3.47 ![]() | Lang Walker | ![]() | Walker Corporation (property) | 12 | 3.00 |
19 ![]() | 3.28 ![]() | Bianca Rinehart | ![]() | Hancock Prospecting; investment | 15 ![]() | 2.74 ![]() |
20 ![]() | 2.84 ![]() | Clive Palmer | ![]() | Mineralogy and other mining | 198 ![]() | 0.344 ![]() |
21 ![]() | 2.61 ![]() | David Hains and family | ![]() | Investment | 16 ![]() | 2.55 ![]() |
22 ![]() | 2.43 ![]() | Sir Michael Hintze GCSG, AM | ![]() ![]() | Retail; investment | 24 ![]() | 1.98 ![]() |
23 ![]() | 2.55 ![]() | Solomon Lew | ![]() | Premier Investments; retail | 19 | 2.38 ![]() |
24 ![]() | 2.41 ![]() | Jack Cowin | ![]() | Competitive Foods Australia; investment | 20 | 2.38 ![]() |
25 ![]() | 2.50 ![]() | Marc Besen | ![]() | Retail | 22 | 2.24 |
26 ![]() | 2.26 ![]() | Maurice Alter and family | ![]() | Retail | 1.81 | |
27 ![]() | 2.17 ![]() | Angela Bennett | ![]() | Mining | 1.76 | |
28 ![]() | 2.12 ![]() | Gerry Harvey | ![]() | Harvey Norman Holdings | 21 | 2.34 ![]() |
29 ![]() | 2.12 ![]() | Ye Lipei | ![]() | Property | 1.70 | |
30 ![]() | 2.08 ![]() | Alexandra Burt and Leonie Baldock | ![]() | Resources | 1.56 | |
31 | no data available | |||||
32 ![]() | 1.96 ![]() | Nigel Austin | ![]() | Cotton On Group; retail | 1.89 | |
33 ![]() | 1.92 ![]() | John Van Lieshout | ![]() | Retail | 1.72 | |
34 ![]() | 1.79 ![]() | Chris Wallin | ![]() | Resources | 1.13 | |
35 ![]() | 1.78 ![]() | Kerr Neilson | ![]() | Financial services | 1.44 | |
36 ![]() | 1.77 ![]() | Judith Neilson | ![]() | Investment | 1.34 | |
37 ![]() | 1.76 ![]() | Tony Perich and family | ![]() | Agriculture; property | 1.59 | |
38 ![]() | 1.76 ![]() | David and Vicky Teoh | ![]() | Telecommunications | 1.91 | |
39 ![]() | 1.96 ![]() | Nigel Austin | ![]() | Cotton On Group; retail | 1.89 | |
40 ![]() | 1.73 ![]() | Manny Stul and family | ![]() | Moose Toys; retail | 39 ![]() | 1.42 |
41 ![]() | 1.71 ![]() | Brett Blundy | ![]() | Retail; property; agriculture | 1.39 | |
42 ![]() | 1.70 ![]() | John Kahlbetzer | ![]() | Agriculture | 0.841 | |
43 ![]() | 1.66 ![]() | Huang Bingwen and family | ![]() | Manufacturing | 25 | 1.93 |
44 ![]() | 1.66 ![]() | Richard White | ![]() | Technology | 0.882 | |
45 ![]() | 1.63 ![]() | Chau Chak Wing | ![]() | Property; investments | 1.56 | |
46 ![]() | 1.61 ![]() | Morry Fraid, Zac Freid and family | ![]() | Retail; property | 1.60 | |
47 | no data available | |||||
48 ![]() | 1.56 ![]() | Bob Ell | ![]() | Property | 1.52 | |
49 ![]() | 1.56 ![]() | Alan Rydge | ![]() | Rydges Hotels & Resorts; Event Cinemas | 23 | 2.09 ![]() |
50 ![]() | 1.54 ![]() | Paul Little AO | ![]() | Toll Holdings | 0.927 | |
51 ![]() | 1.54 ![]() | Sam Tarascio | ![]() | Property | 1.43 | |
52 ![]() | 1.46 ![]() | Terry Snow AM | ![]() | Capital Airport Group; property | 1.00 | |
53 ![]() | 1.40 ![]() | Raphael Geminder | ![]() | Manufacturing | 1.44 | |
54 ![]() | 1.39 ![]() | Alex Waislitz | ![]() | Investment | 1.24 | |
55 ![]() | 1.35 ![]() | Nick Politis AM | ![]() | Retail; property | 0.733 | |
56 ![]() | 1.33 ![]() | Brian Flannery | ![]() | Resources | 0.818 | |
57 ![]() | 1.28 ![]() | Paul Salteri AM and family | ![]() | Investment | n/a | not listed |
58 ![]() | 1.27 ![]() | Michael Heine and family | ![]() | Financial services | n/a | not listed |
59 ![]() | 1.27 ![]() | Russell Withers and family | ![]() | Retail | 1.23 | |
60 ![]() | 1.26 ![]() | Con Makris and family | ![]() | Property | 1.17 | |
61 ![]() | 1.26 ![]() | Gretel Packer | ![]() | Media; Crown Resorts; investment | 1.02 | |
62 ![]() | 1.24 ![]() | Jonathan Munz and family | ![]() | Manufacturing | 50 ![]() | 1.10 |
63 ![]() | 1.23 ![]() | Ralph Sarich AO | ![]() | Investment; property | 1.12 | |
64 ![]() | 1.21 ![]() | Maha Sinnathamby | ![]() | Residential property | 57 | 1.02 |
65 ![]() | 1.20 ![]() | Chris Thomas | ![]() | Agriculture | 1.12 | |
66 ![]() | 1.18 ![]() | Bruce Mathieson | ![]() | Gaming; investments | 0.943 | |
67 ![]() | 1.17 ![]() | Peter Gunn | ![]() | Logistics; investment; property | 1.00 | |
68 ![]() | 1.16 ![]() | Bob Ingham AO | ![]() | Ex-Inghams Enterprises | 1.19 | |
69 ![]() | 1.16 ![]() | Robert Millner and family | ![]() | Washington H. Soul Pattinson; investment | n/a | not listed |
70 ![]() | 1.15 ![]() | Greg Goodman and family | ![]() | Goodman Group; property | 1.08 | |
71 ![]() | 1.14 ![]() | Paul Lederer | ![]() | Ex-Primo smallgoods; investment | 0.824 | |
72 ![]() | 1.13 ![]() | Jeff Chapman | ![]() | Financial services | 0.811 | |
73 ![]() | 1.09 ![]() | Tim Roberts | ![]() | Ex-Multiplex; investment | 0.896 | |
74 ![]() | 1.07 ![]() | Sandy Oatley and family | ![]() | Agriculture; property; tourism | 0.913 | |
75 ![]() | 1.04 ![]() | Reg and Hazel Rowe | ![]() | Super Retail Group; property | 1.14 | |
76 ![]() | 1.02 ![]() | Chris Morris | ![]() | Computershare; financial services | 0.847 | |
77 ![]() | 0.999 ![]() | Richard Smith | ![]() | Food services | 0.891 | |
78 ![]() | 0.961 ![]() | Justin Hemmes and family | ![]() | Hotels; property | n/a | not listed |
79 ![]() | 0.927 ![]() | Ervin and Charlotte Vidor | ![]() | Property; hotels | 0.804 | |
80 | no data available | |||||
81 ![]() | 0.876 ![]() | Jamuna Gurung and Shesh Ghale | ![]() | Melbourne Institute of Technology | 0.647 | |
82 | no data available | |||||
83 ![]() | 0.869 ![]() | Spiros Alysandratos | ![]() | Travel; property | 0.582 | |
84 ![]() | 0.867 ![]() | Geoff Harris | ![]() | Flight Centre; investment | 0.637 | |
85 ![]() | 0.863 ![]() | Bill James | ![]() | Retail | 0.647 | |
86 ![]() | 0.861 ![]() | Graham Turner | ![]() | Flight Centre; hotels | 0.620 | |
87 ![]() | 0.859 ![]() | Nechama Werdiger and family | ![]() | Property | 0.859 | |
88 ![]() | 0.858 ![]() | Gordon Fu and family | ![]() | Property | 0.877 | |
89 ![]() | 0.850 ![]() | Patrick Grove | ![]() | Technology | 0.801 | |
90 ![]() | 0.843 ![]() | Peter Scanlon and family | ![]() | Patrick Corporation | 0.772 | |
91 ![]() | 0.822 ![]() | Andrew Roberts | ![]() | Ex-Multiplex; property | 0.819 | |
92 ![]() | 0.817 ![]() | Sam Chong | ![]() | Resources; hotels | 0.440 | |
93 ![]() | 0.813 ![]() | Jack Gance | ![]() | Chemist Warehouse; retail | 0.546 | |
94 ![]() | 0.803 ![]() | Mario Verrocchi | ![]() | Chemist Warehouse | 0.558 | |
95 ![]() | 0.787 ![]() | Lloyd Williams | ![]() | Property; thoroughbreds | 0.784 | |
96 ![]() | 0.784 ![]() | Shaun Bonétt | ![]() | Precision Group; property | 0.718 | |
97 ![]() | 0.784 ![]() | Larry Kestelman | ![]() | Dodo Services; telecommunications | 0.749 | |
98 ![]() | 0.783 ![]() | Chris Ellison | ![]() | Resources | 0.754 | |
99 ![]() | 0.775 ![]() | Christian Beck | ![]() | Technology | 0.619 | |
100 ![]() | 0.756 ![]() | Jina Chen and Alex Wu | ![]() | Healthcare | 0.686 | |
101 | no data available | |||||
102 ![]() | 0.749 ![]() | Allan Myers AC, QC | ![]() | Investment; agriculture | 0.682 | |
103 ![]() | 0.744 ![]() | Rod Duke | ![]() | Briscoe Group | 0.751 | |
104 ![]() | 0.739 ![]() | Dale Elphinstone | ![]() | Elphinstone Group; mining services | 0.475 | |
105 ![]() | 0.737 ![]() | Theo Karedis | ![]() | Retail; property | 0.723 | |
106 ![]() | 0.730 ![]() | Iris Lustig-Moar and Max Moar | ![]() | Property | 0.694 | |
107 | no data available | |||||
108 ![]() | 0.714 ![]() | Kevin Seymour and family | ![]() | Property | 0.679 | |
109 ![]() | 0.708 ![]() | Andrew Muir and family | ![]() | The Good Guys | n/a | not listed |
110 ![]() | 0.706 ![]() | Travers Duncan | ![]() | Resources; property | 0.670 | |
111 ![]() | 0.704 ![]() | Jack Bendat AM | ![]() | Property | 0.701 | |
112 ![]() | 0.702 ![]() | Bruce Gordon | ![]() | Media | 107 ![]() | 0.629 ![]() |
113 ![]() | 0.702 ![]() | Bruno Grollo and family | ![]() | Grocon; property | 0.720 | |
114 ![]() | 0.689 ![]() | Mark Creasy | ![]() | Resources | 0.610 | |
115 ![]() | 0.689 ![]() | Mick Power | ![]() | Construction | 0.902 | |
116 ![]() | 0.684 ![]() | David Greiner and Ben Richardson | ![]() | Technology | 0.593 | |
117 | no data available | |||||
118 ![]() | 0.680 ![]() | Chris Mackay | ![]() | Financial services | 0.560 | |
119 ![]() | 0.676 ![]() | Andrew and Michael Buxton | ![]() | Property | 0.579 | |
120 | no data available | |||||
121 ![]() | 0.673 ![]() | Paul Fudge | ![]() | Media | 0.663 | |
122 ![]() | 0.762 ![]() | Bruce Neill | ![]() | Financial services | 0.472 | |
123 ![]() | 0.667 ![]() | Jonathan Hallinan | ![]() | Property | 0.490 | |
124 ![]() | 0.660 ![]() | Max Beck | ![]() | Property | 0.562 | |
125 ![]() | 0.660 ![]() | Harry Stamoulis and family | ![]() | Manufacturing | 0.646 | |
126 ![]() | 0.657 ![]() | Kim McKendrick and family | ![]() | Ex-Godfrey Hirst Carpets | 0.582 | |
127 ![]() | 0.655 ![]() | Frank Costa AO and family | ![]() | Agriculture | 0.538 | |
128 ![]() | 0.654 ![]() | Kerry Harmanis | ![]() | Resources | 0.640 | |
129 ![]() | 0.651 ![]() | Greg Poche | ![]() | Ex-StarTrack | 0.638 | |
130 ![]() | 0.646 ![]() | Trevor Lee | ![]() | Agriculture | 0.407 | |
131 ![]() | 0.638 ![]() | Terry Peabody | ![]() | Ex-Transpacific; investment | 0.587 | |
132 ![]() | 0.631 ![]() | Zig Inge and family | ![]() | Property | 0.611 | |
133 ![]() | 0.625 ![]() | Naomi Milgrom AO | ![]() | Sussan; Sportsgirl; Suzanne Grae | 117 | 0.585 |
134 ![]() | 0.621 ![]() | John Symond AM | ![]() | Ex-Aussie Home Loans | 0.673 | |
135 ![]() | 0.617 ![]() | Hamish Douglass | ![]() | Financial services | 0.531 | |
136 ![]() | 0.611 ![]() | Nick DiMauro | ![]() | Property | 0.530 | |
137 ![]() | 0.594 ![]() | Marcus Blackmore | ![]() | Blackmores; healthcare | 0.529 | |
138 ![]() | 0.589 ![]() | Leon Kamenev | ![]() | Ex-Menulog; technology | 0.558 | |
139 ![]() | 0.588 ![]() | Christina and Tony Quinn | ![]() | Darrell Lea; retail | 0.465 | |
140 | no data available | |||||
141 ![]() | 0.586 ![]() | Jamie Pherous | ![]() | Travel services | 0.432 | |
142 ![]() | 0.580 ![]() | Danny Hill | ![]() | Property | 0.447 | |
143 ![]() | 0.580 ![]() | Tim Kentley-Klay | ![]() | Technology | 0.470 | |
144 ![]() | 0.574 ![]() | Tim Gurner | ![]() | Property | 0.473 | |
145 ![]() | 0.569 ![]() | Tony Tartak and family | ![]() | Services | 0.407 | |
146 ![]() | 0.566 ![]() | Bill Roche and Imelda Roche AO | ![]() | Retail | 0.504 | |
147 | no data available | |||||
148 ![]() | 0.561 ![]() | Gordon Martin | ![]() | Manufacturing | 0.484 | |
149 ![]() | 0.560 ![]() | Graham Tuckwell | ![]() | Financial services | 0.462 | |
150 ![]() | 0.559 ![]() | Grahame Mapp | ![]() | Investment | 0.423 | |
151 ![]() | 0.555 ![]() | Steven Kalmin | ![]() | Glencore | 0.454 | |
152 ![]() | 0.553 ![]() | Paul Blackburne | ![]() | Property | 0.530 | |
153 ![]() | 0.549 ![]() | Andrew Abercrombie | ![]() | Financial services | 0.574 | |
154 ![]() | 0.549 ![]() | John Higgins | ![]() | Investment; services | 0.484 | |
155 ![]() | 0.546 ![]() | Nigel Satterley | ![]() | Satterley; property | 0.551 | |
156 ![]() | 0.536 ![]() | Robert Whyte | ![]() | Investment | 0.446 | |
157 ![]() | 0.535 ![]() | George Kepper | ![]() | Technology; property | 0.563 | |
158 ![]() | 0.534 ![]() | Diana and Rino Grollo | ![]() | Property | 0.493 | |
159 | no data available | |||||
160 ![]() | 0.534 ![]() | Kevin Maloney | ![]() | Mining services | 0.499 | |
161 ![]() | 0.534 ![]() | John Singleton | ![]() | Media; investment; property | 0.450 | |
162 ![]() | 0.529 ![]() | Tony Poli | ![]() | Resources; property | 0.482 | |
163 ![]() | 0.527 ![]() | Hilton Nathanson | ![]() | Financial services | 0.451 | |
164 ![]() | 0.527 ![]() | Will Vicars | ![]() | Financial services | n/a | not listed |
165 ![]() | 0.519 ![]() | David Paradice | ![]() | Financial services | 0.479 | |
166 ![]() | 0.519 ![]() | Ian Roberts | ![]() | Healthcare | 0.557 | |
167 ![]() | 0.519 ![]() | Tony Wales | ![]() | Ex-Computershare; investment | 0.483 | |
168 ![]() | 0.513 ![]() | Robert Magid | ![]() | Property | 0.499 | |
169 ![]() | 0.511 ![]() | Michael Boyd | ![]() | Sonic Healthcare | 0.488 | |
170 ![]() | 0.506 ![]() | Arthur Laundy | ![]() | Hotels | 0.412 | |
171 ![]() | 0.506 ![]() | Yenda Lee and family | ![]() | Bing Lee; retail | 0.482 | |
172 ![]() | 0.503 ![]() | Seumas Dawes | ![]() | Financial services | 0.412 | |
173 ![]() | 0.499 ![]() | Peter Cooper | ![]() | Financial services | 0.507 | |
174 ![]() | 0.498 ![]() | Jan Cameron CNZM | ![]() | Ex-Kathmandu; retail | n/a | not listed |
175 ![]() | 0.491 ![]() | Peter Hughes and family | ![]() | Agriculture | 0.391 | |
176 ![]() | 0.487 ![]() | Gerry Ryan OAM | ![]() | Jayco Australia; manufacturing | 0.473 | |
177 ![]() | 0.486 ![]() | Greg Coffey | ![]() | Financial services | 0.482 | |
178 ![]() | 0.483 ![]() | Evan Acton and family | ![]() | Rural | 0.490 | |
179 ![]() | 0.475 ![]() | Dick Honan | ![]() | Manildra Group | 0.440 | |
180 ![]() | 0.472 ![]() | Trevor St Baker | ![]() | Energy | n/a | not listed |
181 ![]() | 0.468 ![]() | Tony Haggarty | ![]() | Resources | 0.462 | |
182 ![]() | 0.459 ![]() | Owen Kerr | ![]() | Financial services | 0.342 | |
183 ![]() | 0.457 ![]() | Bryan Dorman | ![]() | Technology | 0.520 | |
184 ![]() | 0.453 ![]() | John and Robert Kirby | ![]() | Village Roadshow; entertainment | 0.454 | |
185 | no data available | |||||
186 ![]() | 0.450 ![]() | Rod Jones | ![]() | Navitas Group | 0.403 | |
187 ![]() | 0.449 ![]() | Bob Rose | ![]() | Property | 0.454 | |
188 ![]() | 0.432 ![]() | Laurie Sutton | ![]() | Retail | 0.453 | |
189 ![]() | 0.428 ![]() | John Simpson | ![]() | Property | 0.614 | |
190 ![]() | 0.415 ![]() | Doug Shears | ![]() | Rural | 0.413 | |
191 ![]() | 0.413 ![]() | Ori Allon | ![]() | Technology | 0.364 | |
192 ![]() | 0.411 ![]() | Alf Moufarrige | ![]() | Servcorp; property | 0.467 | |
193 ![]() | 0.409 ![]() | Bob Sharpless | ![]() | Property | n/a | not listed |
194 ![]() | 0.407 ![]() | Patricia Ilhan | ![]() | Crazy John's | 0.404 | |
195 ![]() | 0.405 ![]() | Tony Denny | ![]() | Retail | 0.355 | |
196 ![]() | 0.404 ![]() | John Kinghorn | ![]() | Investment | 0.353 | |
197 ![]() | 0.401 ![]() | Alan Tribe | ![]() | Retail | 0.375 | |
198 ![]() | 0.399 ![]() | Barry Lambert | ![]() | Financial services | 0.437 | |
199 ![]() | 0.395 ![]() | Ruslan Kogan | ![]() | Kogan.com; retail | n/a | not listed |
200 ![]() | 0.387 ![]() | Radek Sali | ![]() | Ex-Swisse | 0.372 |
Legend Icon Description Has not changed from the previous year's list Has increased from the previous year's list Has decreased from the previous year's list
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 Stensholt, John, ed. (25 May 2018). "2018 AFR Rich List: Who are Australia's richest people?". The Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
- 1 2 Janda, Michael (24 May 2018). "Rich List: Billionaires multiply as profits surge, wages stall". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
- ↑ Janda, Michael (31 May 2019). "Australia's wealthiest have become 50 times richer in my lifetime". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
- ↑ Stensholt, John, ed. (25 May 2017). "Financial Review Rich List 2017". The Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
- ↑ Mayne, Stephen (26 May 2017). "Mayne's take: The top 25 Australian billionaires, as claimed by Fairfax". Crikey. Private Media. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ↑ Chancellor, Jonathan (22 May 2013). "Billionaire property developer Hui Wing Mau the highest debutant on BRW Rich List". SmartCompany. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
- ↑ Wen, Philip (26 May 2011). "Mystery billionaire emerges from corporate shadows". Executive Style. Australia. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ↑ Glasenberg, Ivan (5 May 2013). "Letztlich macht es keine Differenz, ob Ihr Vermögen eine Milliarde beträgt oder sechs". SonntagsZeitung (Interview) (in German). Interviewed by Martin Spieler. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2019.