Introduction to the ablative case from a 1903 Latin textbook

In grammar, the ablative case (pronounced /ˈæblətɪv/ AB-lə-tiv; sometimes abbreviated abl) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars of various languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from something, among other uses. The word "ablative" derives from the Latin ablatus, the (irregular) perfect, passive participle of auferre "to carry away".[1]

The ablative case is found in several language families, such as Indo-European (e.g., Sanskrit, Latin, Albanian, Armenian), Turkic (e.g., Turkish, Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar), Tungusic (e.g., Manchu, Evenki), Uralic (e.g., Hungarian), and the Dravidian languages. There is no ablative case in modern Germanic languages such as German and English. There was an ablative case in the early stages of Ancient Greek, but it quickly fell into disuse by the classical period.

Indo-European languages

Latin

The ablative case in Latin (cāsus ablātīvus) appears in various grammatical constructions, including following various prepositions, in an ablative absolute clause, and adverbially. The Latin ablative case was derived[2] from three Proto-Indo-European cases: ablative (from), instrumental (with), and locative (in/at).

Greek

In Ancient Greek, there was an ablative case (ἀφαιρετικὴ πτῶσις aphairetikē ptōsis) which was used in the Homeric, pre-Mycenaean, and Mycenean periods. It fell into disuse during the classical period and thereafter with some of its functions taken by the genitive and others by the dative.[3] The genitive case with the prepositions ἀπό apó "away from" and ἐκ/ἐξ ek/ex "out of" is an example.

German

German does not have an ablative case but, exceptionally, Latin ablative case-forms were used from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century after some prepositions, for example after von in von dem Nomine: ablative of the Latin loanword Nomen. Grammarians at that time, Justus Georg Schottel, Kaspar von Stieler, Johann Balthasar von Antesperg and Johann Christoph Gottsched, listed an ablative case (as the sixth case after nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative) for German words. They arbitrarily considered the dative case after some prepositions to be an ablative, as in von dem Mann[e] ("from the man" or "of the man") and mit dem Mann[e] ("with the man"), while they considered the dative case after other prepositions or without a preposition, as in dem Mann[e], to be a dative.

Albanian

The ablative case is found in Albanian; it is the fifth case, rasa rrjedhore.

Sanskrit

In Sanskrit, the ablative case is the fifth case (pañcamī) and has a similar function to that in Latin. Sanskrit nouns in the ablative often refer to a subject "out of" which or "from" whom something (an action, an object) has arisen or occurred: pátram taróḥ pátati "the leaf falls from the tree". It is also used for nouns in several other senses, as for actions occurring "because of" or "without" a certain noun, indicating distance or direction. When it appears with a comparative adjective, (śreṣṭhatamam, "the best"), the ablative is used to refer to what the adjective is comparing: "better than X".

Armenian

The modern Armenian ablative has different markers for each main dialect, both originating from Classical Armenian. The Western Armenian affix -է (definite -էն -ēn) derives from the classical singular; the Eastern Armenian affix -ից -ic’ (both indefinite and definite) derives from the classical plural. For both dialects, those affixes are singular, with the corresponding plurals being -(ն)երէ(ն) -(n)erē(n) and -(ն)երից -(n)eric’.

WesternEasternGloss

մարդէ

martē

մարդէ

martē

մարդից

mardic’

մարդից

mardic’

from (a) man

մարդէն

martēn

մարդէն

martēn

մարդից

mardic’

մարդից

mardic’

from the man

(տուն)

(dun)

>

>

տանէ

danē

(տուն) > տանէ

(dun) > danē

(տուն)

(tun)

>

>

տնից

tnic’

(տուն) > տնից

(tun) > tnic’

from a house/from home

(տուն)

(dun)

>

>

տանէն

danēn

(տուն) > տանէն

(dun) > danēn

(տուն)

(tun)

>

>

տնից

tnic’

(տուն) > տնից

(tun) > tnic’

from the house

The ablative case has several uses. Its principal function is to show "motion away" from a location, point in space or time:

WesternEasternGloss

քաղաքէն

k’aġak’ēn

եկայ

yega

քաղաքէն եկայ

k’aġak’ēn yega

քաղաքից

k’aġak’ic’

եկա

yeka

քաղաքից եկա

k’aġak’ic’ yeka

I came from the city

այստեղէն

aysdeġēn

հեռու

heṙu

կը

բնակէի

pnagēi

այստեղէն հեռու կը բնակէի

aysdeġēn heṙu gě pnagēi

այստեղից

aysteġic’

հեռու

heṙu

էի

ēi

բնակվում

bnakvum

այստեղից հեռու էի բնակվում

aysteġic’ heṙu ēi bnakvum

I used to live far from here

It also shows the agent when it is used with the passive voice of the verb:

WesternEasternGloss

ինծմէ

inc

միշտ

mišd

կը

սիրուէիր

sirvēir

ինծմէ միշտ կը սիրուէիր

inc mišd gě sirvēir

ինձնից

injnic’

միշտ

mišt

սիրվում

sirvum

էիր

ēir

ինձնից միշտ սիրվում էիր

injnic’ mišt sirvum ēir

You were always loved by me

ազատիչներէն

azadič’nerēn

ազատեցանք

azadec’ank’

ազատիչներէն ազատեցանք

azadič’nerēn azadec’ank’

ազատիչներից

azatič’neric’

ազատվեցինք

azatvec’ink’

ազատիչներից ազատվեցինք

azatič’neric’ azatvec’ink’

We were freed by the liberators

It is also used for comparative statements in colloquial Armenian (including infinitives and participles):

WesternEasternGloss

Ի՞նչ

Inč’

մեղրէն

meġrēn

անուշ

anuš

է

ē

Ի՞նչ մեղրէն անուշ է

Inč’ meġrēn anuš ē

Ի՞նչն

Inč’n

է

ē

մեղրից

meġric’

անուշ

anuš

Ի՞նչն է մեղրից անուշ

Inč’n ē meġric’ anuš

"What is sweeter than honey?" (proverb)

Մարիամ

Mariam

եղբօրմէն

yeġpōrmēn

պզտիկ

bzdig

է

ē

Մարիամ եղբօրմէն պզտիկ է

Mariam yeġpōrmēn bzdig ē

Մարիամն

Mariamn

եղբորից

yeġboric’

փոքր

p’ok’r

է

ē

Մարիամն եղբորից փոքր է

Mariamn yeġboric’ p’ok’r ē

Mary is younger (lit. smaller) than her brother

թզեր

t’ëzer

համտեսել

hamdesel

տեսնելէ

desnelē

աւելի

aveli

լաւ

lav

է

ē

թզեր համտեսել տեսնելէ աւելի լաւ է

t’ëzer hamdesel desnelē aveli lav ē

թուզ

t’uz

համտեսելը

hamteselë

տեսնելուց

tesneluc’

լավ

lav

է

ē

թուզ համտեսելը տեսնելուց լավ է

t’uz hamteselë tesneluc’ lav ē

Figs are better to taste than to see

Finally, it governs certain postpositions:

WesternEasternGloss

ինծմէ

incmē

վար

var

ինծմէ վար

incmē var

ինձնից

indznic’

վար

var

ինձնից վար

indznic’ var

below me

քեզմէ

k’ezmē

վեր

ver

քեզմէ վեր

k’ezmē ver

քեզնից

k’eznic’

վեր

ver

քեզնից վեր

k’eznic’ ver

above you

անոնցմէ

anonc’mē

ետք

yedk’

անոնցմէ ետք

anonc’mē yedk’

նրանցից

nranc’ic’

հետո

heto

նրանցից հետո

nranc’ic’ heto

after them

մեզմէ

mezmē

առաջ

aṙač

մեզմէ առաջ

mezmē aṙač

մեզնից

meznic’

առաջ

aṙadž

մեզնից առաջ

meznic’ aṙadž

before us

Uralic languages

Finnish

In Finnish, the ablative case is the sixth of the locative cases with the meaning "from, off, of": pöytä – pöydältä "table – off from the table". It is an outer locative case, used like the adessive and allative cases, to denote both being on top of something and "being around the place" (as opposed to the inner locative case, the elative, which means "from out of" or "from the inside of"). With the locative, the receding object was near the other place or object, not inside it.

The Finnish ablative is also used in time expressions to indicate times of something happening (kymmeneltä "at ten") as well as with verbs expressing feelings or emotions.

The Finnish ablative has the ending -lta or -ltä, depending on vowel harmony.

Usage

away from a place
  • katolta: off the roof
  • pöydältä: off the table
  • rannalta: from the beach
  • maalta: from the land
  • mereltä: from the sea
from a person, object or other entity
  • häneltä: from him/her/them
with the verb lähteä (stop)
  • lähteä tupakalta: stop smoking (in the sense of putting out the cigarette one is smoking now, lit. 'leave from the tobacco')
  • lähteä hippasilta: stop playing tag (hippa=tag, olla hippasilla=playing tag)
to smell/taste/feel/look/sound like something
  • haisee pahalta: smells bad
  • maistuu hyvältä: tastes good
  • tuntuu kamalalta: feels awful
  • näyttää tyhmältä: looks stupid
  • kuulostaa mukavalta: sounds nice

Estonian

The ablative case in Estonian is the ninth case and has a similar function to that in Hungarian.

Hungarian

The ablative case in Hungarian is used to describe movement away from, as well as a concept, object, act or event originating from an object, person, location or entity. For example, one walking away from a friend who gave him a gift could say the following:

a barátomtól jövök (I am coming (away) from my friend).
a barátomtól kaptam egy ajándékot (I got a gift from my friend).

When used to describe movement away from a location, the case may only refer to movement from the general vicinity of the location and not from inside of it. Thus, a postától jövök would mean one had been standing next to the post office before, not inside the building.

When the case is used to refer to the origin of a possible act or event, the act/event may be implied while not explicitly stated, such as Meg foglak védeni a rablótól: I will defend you from the robber.

The application of vowel harmony gives two different suffixes: -tól and -től. These are applied to back-vowel and front-vowel words, respectively.

Hungarian has a narrower delative case, similar to ablative, but more specific: movement off/from a surface of something, with suffixes -ról and -ről.

Turkic languages

Azerbaijani

The ablative in Azerbaijani (çıxışlıq hal) is expressed through the suffixes -dan or -dən:

Ev – evdən
House – from/off the house
Aparmaq – aparmaqdan
To carry – from/off carrying

Tatar

The ablative in Tatar (чыгыш килеше) is expressed through the suffixes -дан or -дән or -тан or -тән or -нан or -нән:

Өй - өйдән
House - from/off the house

Turkish

The ablative in Turkish (-den hali or ayrılma hali) is expressed through the suffix -den (which changes to -dan, -ten or -tan to accommodate the vowel and voicing harmony):

Ev – evden
House – from/off the house
At – attan
Horse – from/off the horse
Taşımak – taşımaktan
To carry – from/off carrying
Ses – sesten
Sound/volume – from/off sound/volume

In some situations simple ablative can have a "because of" meaning; in these situations, ablative can be optionally followed by the postposition dolayı "because of".

Yüksek sesten (dolayı) rahatsız oldum. / I was uneasy because of high volume.

Tungusic

Manchu

The ablative in Manchu is expressed through the suffix -ci and can also be used to express comparisons. It is usually not directly attached to its parent word.

boo-ci

house-ABL

tuci-ke

go.away-PAST

boo-ci tuci-ke

house-ABL go.away-PAST

"(Someone) went away from the house"

Evenki

The ablative in Evenki is expressed with the suffix -duk.

e:kun-duk

who-ABL

e:kun-duk

who-ABL

from whom/where?

See also

Further reading

  • Karlsson, Fred (2018). Finnish – A Comprehensive Grammar. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-82104-0.
  • Anhava, Jaakko (2015). "Criteria for case forms in Finnish and Hungarian grammars". Journal.fi. Helsinki, Finland: Finnish Scholarly Journals Online.

References

  1. "The Ablative" (PDF). The Latin Library. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2006.
  2. "Case in Decline" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2018.
  3. Smyth, Herbert Weir. "Composite or mixed cases". Greek Grammar. ¶1279.
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