1828–29 United States House of Representatives elections

July 9, 1828 – October 5, 1829[lower-alpha 1]

All 213 seats in the United States House of Representatives
107 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Andrew Stevenson John W. Taylor
Party Jacksonian Anti-Jacksonian
Leader's seat Virginia 9th New York 17th
Last election 113 seats 100 seats
Seats won 136[1][lower-alpha 2] 72[1][lower-alpha 2]
Seat change Increase 23 Decrease 28

  Third party
 
Party Anti-Masonic
Last election 0 seats
Seats won 5
Seat change Increase 5

Results:
     Jacksonian hold      Jacksonian gain
     Anti-Jacksonian hold      Anti-Jacksonian gain
     Anti-Masonic gain
     Undistricted territory or split plural districts

Speaker before election

Andrew Stevenson
Jacksonian

Elected Speaker

Andrew Stevenson
Jacksonian

The 1828–29 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between July 9, 1828 and October 5, 1829. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 21st United States Congress convened on December 7, 1829. Elections were held for all 213 seats, representing 24 states.

They occurred while Jacksonians soundly took control of the presidency, with Andrew Jackson's victory, they greatly increased their majority in Congress. Outgoing President John Quincy Adams's unpopularity played a major role in the Jacksonian pick-up, as did the perception of the Anti-Jacksonian Party as urban and elitist. Major increases in suffrage also heightened Jacksonian wins, as newly enfranchised voters tended to associate with Jacksonian principles. The Anti-Masonic Party, a single issue faction based on distrust of Freemasonry, became the first third party in American history to garner seats in the House.

Election summaries

72 5 136
Anti-Jacksonian [lower-alpha 3] Jacksonian
State Type Date Total
seats
Anti-Jacksonian Anti-Masonic Jacksonian
Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change
Louisiana Districts July 8–10, 1828 3 2 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady
Illinois At-large August 4, 1828 1 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady
Indiana Districts August 4, 1828 3 2 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady
Missouri At-large August 4, 1828 1 0 Decrease1 0 Steady 1 Increase1
Mississippi At-large August 4–5, 1828 1 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady
Vermont Districts September 2, 1828 5 4 Decrease1 1 Increase1 0 Steady
Maine Districts September 8, 1828 7 3 Decrease2 0 Steady 4 Increase2
Georgia At-large October 6, 1828 7 0 Steady 0 Steady 7 Steady
Delaware At-large October 7, 1828 1 1 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
South Carolina Districts October 13–14, 1828 9 0 Steady 0 Steady 9 Steady
Ohio Districts October 14, 1828 14 6 Decrease6 0 Steady 8 Increase6
Pennsylvania Districts October 14, 1828 26 1 Decrease5 1 Increase1 24 Increase4
New York Districts November 3–5, 1828 34 11 Decrease3 3 Increase3 20 Steady
New Jersey At-large November 4, 1828 6 6 Increase1 0 Steady 0 Decrease1
Massachusetts Districts November 7, 1828 13 13 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Late elections (after the March 4, 1829, beginning of the term)
New Hampshire At-large March 10, 1829 6 0 Decrease5 0 Steady 6 Increase5
Connecticut At-large April 29, 1829 6 6 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Virginia Districts April 1829 22 6 Steady 0 Steady 16 Steady
Alabama Districts August 3, 1829 3 0 Steady 0 Steady 3 Steady
Kentucky Districts August 3, 1829 12 2 Decrease3 0 Steady 10 Increase3
Tennessee Districts August 6–7, 1829 9 1 Increase1 0 Steady 8 Decrease1
North Carolina Districts August 13, 1829 13 3 Decrease1 0 Steady 10 Increase1
Rhode Island At-large August 27, 1829 2 2 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Maryland Districts October 5, 1829 9 3 Decrease3 0 Steady 6 Increase3
Total 213 72[1]
33.8%
Decrease28 5
2.3%
Increase5 136[1]
63.8%
Increase23
House seats
Jacksonian
63.85%
Anti-Jacksonian
33.80%
Anti-Masonic
2.35%

Special elections

There were special elections in 1828 and 1829 to the 20th United States Congress and 21st United States Congress.

Special elections are sorted by date then district.

20th Congress

District Incumbent This race
Member / Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Mississippi at-large William Haile Jacksonian 1826 (special)
1826
Incumbent resigned September 12, 1828, having lost re-election to the next term.
New member elected October 20, 1828.
Jacksonian hold.
Winner was seated December 8, 1828.[2]
Successor had already been elected to the next term; see below.
Arkansas Territory at-large Henry W. Conway None 1823 Incumbent died November 9, 1827.
New member elected (on an unknown date).
Jacksonian gain.
Successor seated February 13, 1828.[2]
New Jersey at-large
(2 of the 6 seats elected on a general ticket)
George Holcombe Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent died January 14, 1828.
New member elected November 4, 1828.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.
Successor seated December 1, 1828.[2]
Successor was not a candidate for election to the next term on the same day; see below.
Hedge Thompson Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent died July 23, 1828.
New member elected November 4, 1828.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated December 1, 1828.[2]
Successor was also elected to the next term on the same day; see below.
New York 5 Thomas J. Oakley Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent resigned June 1, 1828, to become Governor of Kentucky.
New member elected (on an unknown date).
Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated November 5, 1828.[2]
Kentucky 2 Thomas Metcalfe Anti-Jacksonian 1818 Incumbent resigned June 1, 1828, to become Governor of Kentucky.
New member elected (on an unknown date).
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated December 1, 1828.[2]
Successor had not been a candidate the day before to the next term; see below.
Ohio 6 William Creighton Jr. Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent resigned before December 19, 1828, to become judge to district court.
New member elected December 2, 1828.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated December 19, 1828.[2]

21st Congress

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maine 4 Peleg Sprague Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent resigned in previous Congress.
New member elected July 20, 1829 on the second ballot.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated December 7, 1829.[3]
First ballot (April 6, 1829):
  • Reuel Williams (Jacksonian) 41.0%
  • George Evans (Anti-Jacksonian) 32.6%
  • Jesse Robinson (Unknown) 14.9%
  • Scattering 5.11%
  • Joseph Southwick (Unknown) 3.49%
  • Timothy Boutiele (Unknown) 2.92%[4]

Second ballot (July 20, 1829):
Georgia at-large
1 of 7 seats
George R. Gilmer Jacksonian 1820
[[1827 Georgia's 1st congressional district special election|1827 (special)]]
Incumbent failed to accept the position within the legal time frame.
New member elected October 5, 1829.[6]
Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated December 7, 1829.[3]
Pennsylvania 8
Plural district with 2 seats
George Wolf Jacksonian 1824 (special) Incumbent resigned in 1829 before the convening of Congress.
New member elected October 13, 1829.
Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated December 7, 1829.[3]


Samuel D. Ingham Jacksonian 1812
1818 (resigned)
1822 (special)
Incumbent resigned in March 1829 to become U.S. Secretary of the Treasury.
New member elected October 13, 1829.
Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated October 13, 1829.[3]
North Carolina 5 Gabriel Holmes Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent died September 26, 1829.
New member elected December 2, 1829.[8]
Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated December 14, 1829.[3]
North Carolina 10 John Giles Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent had just been elected August 13, 1829, to the term beginning March 4, 1829, but resigned from the seat without having served.
New member elected December 2, 1829.
Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated December 7, 1829.[2]
Pennsylvania 16 William Wilkins Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent resigned before qualifying.
New member elected December 15, 1829.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Successor seated December 30, 1829.[3]
Virginia 10 William C. Rives Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent resigned some time in 1829.
New member elected in August 1829.[10]
Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated January 25, 1830.[3]

Alabama

Alabama elected its members August 3, 1829, after the term began but before Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Alabama 1
"Northern district"
Gabriel Moore Jacksonian 1821 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY Clement C. Clay (Jacksonian) 52.0%
  • Nicholas Davis (Anti-Jacksonian) 48.0%
Alabama 2
"Middle district"
John McKee Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY Robert E. B. Baylor (Jacksonian) 47.3%
  • Seth Barron (Unknown) 27.5%
  • Henry W. Ellis (Jacksonian) 25.2%
Alabama 3
"Southern district"
George W. Owen Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY Dixon H. Lewis (Jacksonian) 41.4%
  • Samuel W. Oliver (Unknown) 31.3%
  • Francis Armstrong (Unknown) 27.3%

Arkansas Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Connecticut

Connecticut elected its members April 29, 1829, after the term began but before Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Connecticut at-large
6 seats on a general ticket
David Plant Anti-Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
Elisha Phelps Anti-Jacksonian 1818
1820 (lost)
1825
Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
Ralph I. Ingersoll Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Orange Merwin Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
Noyes Barber Anti-Jacksonian 1821 Incumbent re-elected.
John Baldwin Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.

Delaware

Delaware re-elected its sole member October 7, 1828.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Delaware at-large Kensey Johns Jr. Anti-Jacksonian 1827 (special) Incumbent re-elected.

Florida Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Georgia

Georgia returned to electing its members at-large for the 1828 election and elected its members October 6, 1828. Despite two retirements, the entire delegation remained Jacksonians.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Georgia at-large
7 seats on a general ticket
George R. Gilmer
Redistricted from the 1st district
Jacksonian 1820
1827 (special)
Incumbent re-elected but failed to accept the position within the legal time frame and the governor ordered a new election.
Richard Henry Wilde
Redistricted from the 2nd district
Jacksonian 1814
1816 (lost)
1824 (special)
1826 (lost)
1827 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
Wiley Thompson
Redistricted from the 3rd district
Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent re-elected.
Wilson Lumpkin
Redistricted from the 4th district
Jacksonian 1814
1816 (lost)
1826
Incumbent re-elected.
Charles E. Haynes
Redistricted from the 5th district
Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Tomlinson Fort
Redistricted from the 6th district
Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
John Floyd
Redistricted from the 7th district
Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.

Illinois

Illinois's sole member was re-elected August 4, 1828.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Illinois at-large Joseph Duncan Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.

Indiana

Indiana elected its members August 4, 1828.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Indiana 1 Thomas H. Blake Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Indiana 2 Jonathan Jennings Anti-Jacksonian 1822 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Jonathan Jennings (Anti-Jacksonian) 73.3%
  • John H. Thompson (Jacksonian) 26.7%
Indiana 3 Oliver H. Smith Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.
  • Green tickY John Test (Anti-Jacksonian) 55.8%
  • Jon McCarty (Jacksonian) 44.2%

Kentucky

Kentucky elected its members August 3, 1829, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Kentucky 1 Henry Daniel Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Henry Daniel (Jacksonian) 66.6%
  • Micajah Harrison (Anti-Jacksonian) 33.4%
Kentucky 2 Thomas Metcalfe Anti-Jacksonian 1818 Incumbent resigned June 1, 1828, to become Governor of Kentucky.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Successor lost election to finish the current term, the next day.
Kentucky 3 James Clark Anti-Jacksonian 1812
1816 (resigned)
1825 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY James Clark (Anti-Jacksonian) 71.4%
  • Matthew Flournoy (Unknown) 28.6%
Kentucky 4 Robert P. Letcher Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent re-elected.
Kentucky 5 Robert L. McHatton Jacksonian 1826 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Kentucky 6 Joseph Lecompte Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Joseph Lecompte (Jacksonian) 54.6%
  • Thomas P. Wilson (Unknown) 45.4%
Kentucky 7 Thomas P. Moore Jacksonianian 1822 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY John Kincaid (Jacksonian) 56.3%
  • William P. Booker (Unknown) 43.7%
Kentucky 8 Richard A. Buckner Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Kentucky 9 Charles A. Wickliffe Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent re-elected.
Kentucky 10 Joel Yancey Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
Kentucky 11 Thomas Chilton Jacksonian 1827 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Thomas Chilton (Jacksonian) 64.7%
  • James Crutcher (Anti-Jacksonian) 35.3%
Kentucky 12 Chittenden Lyon Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.

Louisiana

Louisiana elected its members July 8–10, 1828.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Louisiana 1 Edward Livingston Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.
Louisiana 2 Henry H. Gurley Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Henry H. Gurley (Anti-Jacksonian) 51.1%
  • Lafayette Saunders (Jacksonian) 48.9%
Louisiana 3 William L. Brent Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.

Maine

Maine elected its members September 8, 1828. Maine required a majority vote for election, so the 5th district district election was settled on the second ballot on December 22, 1828, and the 6th district district election was settled on the sixth ballot on April 5, 1830, near the end of the next Congress.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maine 1 Rufus McIntire Jacksonian 1827 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Rufus McIntire (Jacksonian) 66.0%
  • Simon Nowall (Unknown) 7.5%
  • Nathaniel Appleton (Unknown) 7.1%
  • Samuel A. Bradley (Unknown) 5.8%
  • Moses Emery (Unknown) 4.9%
  • John Holmes (Anti-Jacksonian) 4.3%
  • Others 4.5%
Maine 2 John Anderson Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY John Anderson (Jacksonian) 76.2%
  • Joseph Anderson (Unknown) 20.2%
  • Others 3.6%
Maine 3 Joseph F. Wingate Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Maine 4 Peleg Sprague Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Incumbent resigned March 3, 1829, when elected U.S. Senator, leading to a special election.
Maine 5 James W. Ripley Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (September 8, 1828):
  • Reuel Washburn (Anti-Jacksonian) 49.96%
  • James W. Ripley (Jacksonian) 43.7%
  • Oliver Herrick (Unknown) 3.2%
  • Samuel A. Bradley (Unknown) 2.4%
  • Others 0.8%[12]

Second ballot (December 22, 1828):
  • Green tickY James W. Ripley (Jacksonian) 54.4%
  • Reuel Washburn (Anti-Jacksonian) 44.6%
  • Others 1.0%[13]
Maine 6 Jeremiah O'Brien Anti-Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent lost re-election as a Jacksonian.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
First ballot (September 8, 1828):

Second ballot (December 22, 1829):

Third ballot (April 6, 1829):

Fourth ballot (September 14, 1829):

Fifth ballot (November 30, 1829):
  • Leonard Jarvis (Jacksonian) 32.11%
  • John G. Deane (Unknown) 31.93%
  • Samuel Upton (Unknown) 19.54%
  • Samuel Williamson (Unknown) 14.80%
  • Others 1.62%[18]

Sixth ballot (April 5, 1830):
  • Green tickY Leonard Jarvis (Jacksonian) 53.78%
  • John G. Deane (Unknown) 19.14%
  • Samuel Upton (Unknown) 16.66%
  • Philip Morrill (Unknown) 6.26%
  • Charles Lowell (Unknown) 2.05%
  • Others 2.12%[14]
Maine 7 Samuel Butman Anti-Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Samuel Butman (Anti-Jacksonian) 62.0%
  • William Emerson (Unknown) 29.1%
  • Samuel Whitney (Unknown) 7.4%
  • Others 1.6%

Maryland

Maryland elected its members October 5, 1829, after the term began but before Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maryland 1 Clement Dorsey Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Maryland 2 John C. Weems Jacksonian 1826 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.
Maryland 3 George C. Washington Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Maryland 4 Michael C. Sprigg Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Maryland 5
Plural district with 2 seats
John Barney Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Peter Little Anti-Jacksonian 1810
1812 (lost)
1816
Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Maryland 6 Levin Gale Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Maryland 7 John Leeds Kerr Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Maryland 8 Ephraim K. Wilson Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.

Massachusetts

Massachusetts elected its members November 7, 1828.

The majority requirement for election was met on the first ballot in all of the 13 districts.

District numbers vary between sources.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Massachusetts 1
"Suffolk district"
Benjamin Gorham Anti-Jacksonian 1820 (special)
1827 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Benjamin Gorham (Anti-Jacksonian) 78.6%
  • William Ingalls (Jacksonian) 19.9%
  • Henry See (Unknown) 1.5%
Massachusetts 2
"Essex South district"
Benjamin W. Crowninshield Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 3
"Essex North district"
John Varnum Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY John Varnum (Anti-Jacksonian) 73.1%
  • George Savory (Jacksonian) 16.7%
  • Samuel Phillips (Unknown) 6.6%
  • John Fitz (Unknown) 3.7%
Massachusetts 4
"Middlesex district"
Edward Everett Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 5
"Worcester South district"
John Davis Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 6
"Worcester North district"
John Locke Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
Massachusetts 7
"Franklin district"
Samuel C. Allen Anti-Jacksonian 1816 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY George Grennell Jr. (Anti-Jacksonian) 69.7%
  • Elihu Hoyt (Anti-Jacksonian) 15.7%
  • Samuel Dickinson (Anti-Jacksonian) 9.5%
  • Samuel C. Allen (Anti-Jacksonian) 3.6%
  • Others 1.5%
Massachusetts 8
"Hampden district"
Isaac C. Bates Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Isaac C. Bates (Anti-Jacksonian) 87.7%
  • John Mills (Jacksonian) 7.9%
  • Others 4.4%
Massachusetts 9
"Berkshire district"
Henry W. Dwight Anti-Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 10
"Norfolk district"
John Bailey Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 11
"Plymouth district"
Joseph Richardson Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Joseph Richardson (Anti-Jacksonian) 52.6%
  • Thomas P. Beal (Anti-Jacksonian) 47.4%
Massachusetts 12
"Bristol district"
James L. Hodges Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 13
"Barnstable district"
John Reed Jr. Anti-Jacksonian 1812
1816 (lost)
1820
Incumbent re-elected.

Michigan Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Mississippi

Mississippi elected its sole member at-large August 4–5, 1828.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Mississippi at-large William Haile Jacksonian 1826 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Incumbent then resigned September 12, 1828, leading to a special election to finish the term, which was also won by the successor to the next term.

Missouri

Missouri elected its sole member August 4, 1828.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Missouri at-large Edward Bates Anti-Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.

New Hampshire

New Hampshire elected its members March 10, 1829, after the term began but before Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New Hampshire at-large
6 seats on a general ticket
Ichabod Bartlett Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Jonathan Harvey Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Titus Brown Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
David Barker Jr. Anti-Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Thomas Whipple Jr. Anti-Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Joseph Healy Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.

New Jersey

New Jersey elected its members November 4, 1828.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New Jersey at-large
6 seats on a general ticket
Lewis Condict Anti-Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent re-elected.
George Holcombe Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent died January 14, 1828.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Isaac Pierson Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Samuel Swan Anti-Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent re-elected.
Hedge Thompson Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent died July 23, 1828.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.
Ebenezer Tucker Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.

New York

New York elected its members November 3–5, 1828.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New York 1 Silas Wood Anti-Jacksonian 1818 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 2 John J. Wood Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY Jacob Crocheron (Jacksonian) 59.2%
  • Peter W. Radcliff (Anti-Jacksonian) 40.8%
New York 3
Plural district with 3 seats
Churchill C. Cambreleng Jacksonian 1821 Incumbent re-elected.
Gulian Verplanck Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Jeromus Johnson Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
New York 4 Aaron Ward Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
New York 5 Thomas J. Oakley Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent resigned May 9, 1828, to become a judge of the superior court of New York City.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
New York 6 John Hallock Jr. Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
New York 7 George O. Belden Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY Charles G. DeWitt (Jacksonian) 61.9%
  • Lewis D. Bevier (Anti-Jacksonian) 27.3%
  • John Bogardus (Anti-Masonic) 10.8%
New York 8 James Strong Anti-Jacksonian 1818
1821 (retired)
1822
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY James Strong (Anti-Jacksonian) 50.9%
  • James Vanderpoel (Jacksonian) 49.1%
New York 9 John D. Dickinson Anti-Jacksonian 1818
1822 (lost)
1826
Incumbent re-elected.
New York 10 Stephen Van Rensselaer Anti-Jacksonian 1822 (special) Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
New York 11 Selah R. Hobbie Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
New York 12 John I. De Graff Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY Peter I. Borst (Jacksonian) 57.5%
  • Jacob Livingston (Anti-Jacksonian) 42.5%
New York 13 Samuel Chase Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
  • Green tickY William G. Angel (Jacksonian) 55.7%
  • Erastus Crafts (Anti-Jacksonian) 44.3%
New York 14 Henry R. Storrs Anti-Jacksonian 1816
1821 (retired)
1822
Incumbent re-elected.
New York 15 Michael Hoffman Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 16 Henry Markell Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
New York 17 John W. Taylor Anti-Jacksonian 1812 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 18 Henry C. Martindale Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 19 Richard Keese Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.
  • Green tickY Isaac Finch (Anti-Jacksonian) 48.0%
  • William Hogan (Jacksonian) 44.7%
  • John McLean (Anti-Masonic) 4.1%
  • John Cameron (Unknown) 3.3%
New York 20
Plural district with 2 seats
Rudolph Bunner Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.
Silas Wright Jr. Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.
The losing incumbent later successfully contested the election but Wright never claimed the seat and resigned without serving on March 9, 1830.[19]
New York 21 John C. Clark Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY Robert Monell (Jacksonian) 63.6%
  • Tilly Lynde (Unknown) 36.4%
New York 22 John G. Stower Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.
New York 23 Jonas Earll Jr. Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Jonas Earll Jr. (Jacksonian) 50.4%
  • Daniel Kellogg (Anti-Jacksonian) 44.6%
  • Parson P. Shipman (Unknown) 5.0%
New York 24 Nathaniel Garrow Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY Gershom Powers (Jacksonian) 61.6%
  • Daniel Kellogg (Anti-Jacksonian) 24.8%
  • Moses Dixon (Anti-Masonic) 13.6%
New York 25 David Woodcock Anti-Jacksonian 1821
1824 (lost)
1826
Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 26
Plural district with 2 seats
Dudley Marvin Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
John Maynard Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
New York 27 Daniel D. Barnard Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
New York 28 John Magee Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 29 Phineas L. Tracy Anti-Jacksonian 1827 (special) Incumbent re-elected to a new party.
Anti-Masonic gain.
New York 30 Daniel G. Garnsey Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent lost re-election as Anti-Masonic.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.

North Carolina

North Carolina elected its members August 13, 1829, after the term began but before Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
North Carolina 1 Lemuel Sawyer Jacksonian 1806
1812 (lost)
1817
1823 (lost)
1825
Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.
North Carolina 2 Willis Alston Jacksonian 1798
1815 (retired)
1825
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Willis Alston (Jacksonian) 93.9%
  • George E. Spruill (Unknown) 6.1%
North Carolina 3 Thomas H. Hall Jacksonian 1817
1825 (lost)
1827
Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 4 John H. Bryan Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
  • Green tickY Jesse Speight (Jacksonian) 64.5%
  • Thomas H. Daves (Jacksonian) 26.2%
  • James Manney (Anti-Jacksonian) 9.4%
North Carolina 5 Gabriel Holmes Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Incumbent later died September 26, 1829, and was replaced in a special election.
North Carolina 6 Daniel Turner Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
North Carolina 7 John Culpepper Anti-Jacksonian 1806
1808 (contested)
1808 (special)
1813
1816 (lost)
1819
1821 (lost)
1823
1825 (lost)
1827
Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY Edmund Deberry (Anti-Jacksonian) 51.9%
  • John A. Cameron (Anti-Jacksonian) 48.1%
North Carolina 8 Daniel L. Barringer Jacksonian 1826 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 9 Augustine H. Shepperd Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 10 John Long Anti-Jacksonian 1821 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
New member later resigned, leading to a December 2, 1829 special election.
  • Green tickY John Giles (Jacksonian) 58.6%
  • John Long (Anti-Jacksonian) 41.4%
North Carolina 11 Henry W. Connor Jacksonian 1821 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 12 Samuel P. Carson Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina 13 Lewis Williams Anti-Jacksonian 1815 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Lewis Williams (Anti-Jacksonian) 58.6%
  • Samuel King (Jacksonian) 41.4%

Ohio

Ohio elected its members October 14, 1828.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Ohio 1 James Findlay Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY James Findlay (Jacksonian) 64.4%
  • David K. Este (Anti-Jacksonian) 35.6%
Ohio 2 John Woods Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Ohio 3 William McLean Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY Joseph H. Crane (Anti-Jacksonian) 57.4%
  • Morris Seeley (Jacksonian) 42.6%
Ohio 4 Joseph Vance Anti-Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 5 William Russell Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY William Russell (Jacksonian) 71.8%
  • Isaiah Morris (Anti-Jacksonian) 28.2%
Ohio 6 William Creighton Jr. Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 7 Samuel F. Vinton Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Samuel F. Vinton (Anti-Jacksonian) 63.0%
  • George House (Jacksonian) 37.0%
Ohio 8 William Stanbery Jacksonian 1827 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 9 Philemon Beecher Anti-Jacksonian 1816
1820 (lost)
1822
Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Ohio 10 John Davenport Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Ohio 11 John C. Wright Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Ohio 12 John Sloane Anti-Jacksonian 1818 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
  • Green tickY John Thomson (Jacksonian) 46.2%
  • John Sloane (Anti-Jacksonian) 40.4%
  • George M. Cook (Unknown) 9.1%
  • John Harris (Unknown) 4.3%
Ohio 13 Elisha Whittlesey Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 14 Mordecai Bartley Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent re-elected.

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania elected its members October 14, 1828.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[20]
Pennsylvania 1 Joel B. Sutherland Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 2 John Sergeant Anti-Jacksonian 1815 (special)
1822 (retired)
1827 (special)
Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Pennsylvania 3 Daniel H. Miller Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Daniel H. Miller (Jacksonian) 68.3%
  • Samuel Harvey (Anti-Jacksonian) 31.7%
Pennsylvania 4
Plural district with 3 seats
James Buchanan Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent re-elected.
Samuel Anderson Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Charles Miner Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Pennsylvania 5 John B. Sterigere Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 6 Innis Green Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Innis Green (Jacksonian) 72.0%
  • Valentine Hummel (Anti-Jacksonian) 28.0%
Pennsylvania 7
Plural district with 2 seats
Joseph Fry Jr. Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
William Addams Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Pennsylvania 8
Plural district with 2 seats
George Wolf Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected but resigned August 31, 1829, to become Governor of Pennsylvania, leading to an October 13, 1829 special election.
Samuel D. Ingham Jacksonian 1812
1818 (resigned)
1822 (special)
Incumbent re-elected but resigned in March 1829 to become U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, leading to an October 13, 1829 special election.
Pennsylvania 9
Plural district with 3 seats
George Kremer Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY Philander Stephens (Jacksonian) 26.9%
  • Green tickY James Ford (Jacksonian) 26.6%
  • Green tickY Alem Marr (Jacksonian) 25.9%
  • John Murray (Anti-Jacksonian) 8.5%
  • Chauncey Alford (Anti-Jacksonian) 7.4%
  • George M. Hollenback (Anti-Jacksonian) 4.7%
Espy Van Horne Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Samuel McKean Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Pennsylvania 10 Adam King Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Adam King (Jacksonian) 63.2%
  • William McIlvine (Anti-Jacksonian) 36.8%
Pennsylvania 11
Plural district with 2 seats
James Wilson Anti-Jacksonian 1822 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
William Ramsey Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 12 John Mitchell Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Pennsylvania 13 Chauncey Forward Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 14 Andrew Stewart Anti-Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Pennsylvania 15 Joseph Lawrence Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian gain.
Pennsylvania 16
Plural district with 2 seats
Robert Orr Jr. Jacksonian 1825 (special) Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
James S. Stevenson Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
Winner resigned November 9, 1829, leading to a special election.
Pennsylvania 17 Richard Coulter Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 18 Stephen Barlow Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.

Rhode Island

Rhode Island elected its members August 27, 1829, after the term began but before Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Rhode Island at-large
2 seats on a general ticket
Dutee J. Pearce Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Tristam Burges Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.

South Carolina

South Carolina elected its members October 13–14, 1828.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
South Carolina 1 William Drayton Jacksonian 1825 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 2 James Hamilton Jr. Jacksonian 1822 (special) Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
South Carolina 3 Thomas R. Mitchell Jacksonian 1820
1823 (lost)
1824
Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
South Carolina 4 William D. Martin Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 5 George McDuffie Jacksonian 1820 Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 6 Warren R. Davis Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 7 William T. Nuckolls Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 8 John Carter Jacksonian 1822 (special) Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
South Carolina 9 Starling Tucker Jacksonian 1816 Incumbent re-elected.

Tennessee

Tennessee elected its members August 6–7, 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Tennessee 1 John Blair Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY John Blair (Jacksonian) 67.3%
  • John A. Rogers (Unknown) 16.5%
  • William Priestly (Unknown) 16.2%
Tennessee 2 Pryor Lea Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 3 James C. Mitchell Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Tennessee 4 Jacob C. Isacks Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 5 Robert Desha Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 6 James K. Polk Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 7 John Bell Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 8 John H. Marable Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Tennessee 9 Davy Crockett Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected to a different party.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.

Vermont

Vermont elected its members September 2, 1828. Vermont required a majority vote for election, so the 3rd district district election was settled on the second ballot on November 11, 1828, and the 5th district district election was settled on the eighth ballot on November 2, 1829.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Vermont 1 Jonathan Hunt Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Jonathan Hunt (Anti-Jacksonian) 90.3%
  • Daniel Kellogg (Jacksonian) 9.7%
Vermont 2 Rollin C. Mallary Anti-Jacksonian 1818 Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 3 George E. Wales Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
First ballot (September 2, 1828):

Second ballot (November 11, 1828):
Vermont 4 Benjamin Swift Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 5 Daniel A. A. Buck Anti-Jacksonian 1822
1824 (lost)
1826
Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Masonic gain.
First ballot (September 2, 1828):

Second ballot (November 11, 1828):

Third ballot (January 5, 1829):

Fourth ballot (March 2, 1829):

Fifth ballot (May 4, 1829):

Sixth ballot (July 6, 1829):

Seventh ballot (September 7, 1829):

Eighth ballot (November 2, 1829):
  • Green tickY William Cahoon (Anti-Masonic) 57.90%
  • James Bell (Anti-Jacksonian) 28.50%
  • Seth Cushman (Jacksonian) 6.85%
  • Scattering 6.75%[28]

Virginia

Virginia elected its members in April 1829 after the term began but before Congress convened.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Virginia 1 Thomas Newton Jr. Anti-Jacksonian 1801 Incumbent re-elected.
The election was later successfully contested.
Virginia 2 James Trezvant Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 3 William S. Archer Jacksonian 1820 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 4 Mark Alexander Jacksonian 1819 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 5 John Randolph Jacksonian 1799
1812 (lost)
1815
1817 (retired)
1819
1825 (resigned)
1827
Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Virginia 6 Thomas Davenport Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 7 Nathaniel H. Claiborne Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 8 Burwell Bassett Jacksonian 1805
1812 (lost)
1815
1819 (retired)
1821
Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
Virginia 9 Andrew Stevenson Jacksonian 1821 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 10 William C. Rives Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 11 Philip P. Barbour Jacksonian 1814 (special)
1825 (retired)
1827
Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 12 John Roane Jacksonian 1809
1815 (retired)
1827
Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 13 John Taliaferro Anti-Jacksonian 1801
1803 (retired)
1811 (challenge)
1813 (lost)
1824 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 14 Charles F. Mercer Anti-Jacksonian 1817 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 15 John S. Barbour Jacksonian 1823 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 16 William Armstrong Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 17 Robert Allen Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Robert Allen (Jacksonian) 61.5%
  • Samuel Kerceval (Unknown) 38.5%
Virginia 18 Isaac Leffler Anti-Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
Virginia 19 William McCoy Jacksonian 1811 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 20 John Floyd Jacksonian 1817 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Jacksonian hold.
  • Green tickY Robert Craig (Jacksonian) 55.0%
  • Fleming B. Miller (Unknown) 45.0%
Virginia 21 Lewis Maxwell Anti-Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 22 Alexander Smyth Jacksonian 1817
1825 (lost)
1827
Incumbent re-elected.

Non-voting delegates

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Arkansas Territory at-large Ambrose H. Sevier None 1828 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Florida Territory at-large Joseph M. White Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected.
Michigan Territory at-large Austin E. Wing [data missing] 1824 Retired

See also

Notes

  1. These dates do not include a run-off ballot in Maine that ran into 1830.
  2. 1 2 Both Dubin and Martis agree that there were 72 seats held by Anti-Jacksonians (or Adams Men) at the start of the 21st Congress; further, including the later filling of vacancies, both sources agree that there were ultimately 136 districts held by Jacksonians.
  3. 5 Anti-Masons were elected.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Changed parties.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Source does not give full name.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Numbers of votes missing or incomplete in source.
  7. Won special election to the 20th Congress.
  8. 1 2 Silas Wright Jr. (Jacksonian) successfully contested the election of George Fisher (Anti-Jacksonian); but Wright never claimed the seat, and resigned, without serving, on March 9, 1830. See note at bottom of the New York 'Complete returns' section for further details.
  9. Won subsequent special election.
  10. Based on incomplete returns.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Dubin, pg. 95; Martis, pg. 90.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Twentieth Congress March 4, 1827, to March 3, 1829". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved May 31, 2019 via History.house.gov.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Twenty-First Congress March 4, 1829, to March 3, 1831". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved May 30, 2019 via History.house.gov.
  4. "ME District 4 - Special Election - 1st Trial". January 11, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  5. "ME District 4 - Special Election - 2nd Trial". January 11, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  6. 1 2 "GA At-Large - Special Election". February 16, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  7. 1 2 Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006" (PDF). The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
  8. "NC District 05 - Special Election". June 26, 2005. Retrieved June 10, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  9. "NC District 10 - Special Election". May 8, 2005. Retrieved July 11, 2019 via OurCampaigns.com.
  10. 1 2 "VA District 10 Special Election". December 25, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  11. "Our Campaigns - CT At-Large Race - Apr 09, 1829". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  12. "ME District 5 - 1st Trial". February 10, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  13. "ME District 5 - 2nd Trial". February 10, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  14. 1 2 "ME District 6 - 1st Trial". February 11, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  15. "ME District 6 - 2nd Trial". February 11, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  16. "ME District 6 - 3rd Trial". February 11, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  17. "ME District 6 - 4th Trial". February 11, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  18. "ME District 6 - 5th Trial". February 11, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  19. Dubin, p. 92, 94, 96.
  20. "Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project" (PDF).
  21. "VT - District 05 - First Trial". September 2, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  22. "VT - District 05 - Second Trial". September 2, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  23. "VT - District 05 - Third Trial". September 2, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  24. "VT - District 05 - Fourth Trial". September 2, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  25. "VT - District 05 - Fifth Trial". September 2, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  26. "VT - District 05 - Sixth Trial". September 2, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  27. "VT - District 05 - Seventh Trial". September 2, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.
  28. "VT - District 05 - Eighth Trial". September 2, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2019 via Our Campaigns.

Bibliography

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