wꜥ

Egyptian
Egyptian numbers (edit)
10
 ←  0 𓏺
1		 2  →  10  → 
    Cardinal: wꜥ
    Ordinal: tpj, ḥꜣtj
    Adverbial: zp wꜥ
    Distributive: wꜥ wꜥ

Etymology

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perfective active participle of wꜥj (“to be(come) alone”), although possibly the verb may also be derived from the numeral.

Pronunciation 1
 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈwiʕjVw/ → /ˈwiʕjVw/ → /ˈwiʕjə/ → /ˈweʕi/

Adjective
T21
D36 Z1
  1. alone
  2. unique
  3. as one, all together
Inflection
Declension of wꜥ (perfective active participle)
masculine feminine
singular wꜥ
 wꜥt
dual —
 —
plural —
 —
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wꜥ  
wa
Z1
a
w
a		 wa
Z1
wꜥ wꜥ
Derived terms

Numeral
wa
a Z1
  1. one
Usage notes

As the numeral wꜥ is in fact a specialized use of the adjective, see the adjective section above for alternative forms, inflection, etc.

Descendants
  • Demotic: wꜥ
    • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉ (oue), (interrogative) ⲱ (ō), (interrogative) ⲟ (o)
    • Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲁⲓ (ouai), (interrogative) ⲟⲩ (ou)
    • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉⲉⲓ (oueei), ⲟⲩⲉ (oue), ⲟⲩⲁⲓⲉⲓ (ouaiei), (interrogative) ⲟⲩⲛ (oun)
    • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉⲉⲓ (oueei), ⲟⲩⲉⲓ (ouei), ⲟⲩⲉⲉ (ouee), ⲟⲩⲉ (oue), (interrogative) ⲉⲩ (eu)
    • Old Coptic: ⲟⲩⲉ (oue), ⲟⲩⲁⲓ (ouai), (interrogative) ⲟⲩ (ou)
    • Coptic Dialect P: ⲟⲩⲓ̈ (ouï)
    • Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲁ (oua), (interrogative) ⲟⲩ (ou)

Pronunciation 2

Determiner
wa
a Z1
  1. (Late Egyptian) the singular indefinite article; a, an
Usage notes

As an indefinite article, wꜥ precedes its noun, initially in the construction wꜥ n(j) and later by itself. This is in contrast to its use as an adjective/numeral, where it follows the modified noun like all Egyptian adjectives.

Inflection
Old Egyptian demonstratives
determiners pronouns1 adverbs
number singular dual plural unmarked
gender masculine feminine masculine feminine masculine feminine unmarked
proximal to speaker pn
 tn, jtn
 *jpnj
 *jptnj
 jpn
 jptn
 nn
 —
distal pf
 tf
 *jpfj
 *jptfj
 jpf
 jptf
 nf
 —
proximal to spoken of pj, pw, py, p
 tj, tw, jtw
 jpwj
 *jptwj
 jpw
 jptw
 nw
 —
vocative pꜣ
 tꜣ
 —
 —
 —
 —
 nꜣ
 ꜥꜣ
  1. Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.
Middle Egyptian demonstratives
determiners and pronouns adverbs
number singular plural1
gender masculine feminine unmarked
proximal pn
 tn
 nn
 ꜥn
distal pf, pfꜣ
 tf, tfꜣ
 nf, nfꜣ
 ꜥf
‘copula’; vocative pw, pwy
 tw, twy
 nw
 —
anaphoric pꜣ
 tꜣ
 nꜣ
 ꜥꜣ
  1. Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.
Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
masculine feminine plural adverb
pronoun pꜣw
 dj
determiners and pronouns pꜣj
 tꜣj
 nꜣj
possessive determiners (used with suffix pronouns) pꜣy
 tꜣy
 nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’) p-n, pꜣ
 t-nt, tꜣ
 nꜣyw, nꜣ
definite articles pꜣ
 tꜣ
 nꜣ1
indefinite articles wꜥ1
 nhꜣy1
  1. Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.
Descendants

References
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 102–104.
  • Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages 53, 68
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
  1. Callender, John (1975) Middle Egyptian, Undena Publications, page 56: “wíꜥjaw”
  2. Edel, Elmar (1961) “Neues Material zur Herkunft der auslautenden Vokale -ⲉ und -ⲓ im Koptischen”, in Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, volume 86, number 1, →DOI: “wĭꜥj˘w”
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