twardy

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírˀtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-. Cognate with Upper Sorbian twjerdy.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈtwardɨ/

Adjective

twardy (comparative twarźejšy, superlative nejtwarźejšy, adverb twardo or twarźe)

  1. hard (resistant to pressure)

Declension

Antonyms

Derived terms

  • twarda plata (hard drive)

Further reading

  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “twardy”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999) “twardy”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish twardy, from Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-. Doublet of kwarc and kwarzec.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈtfar.dɨ/
  • (file)
  • Rhymes: -ardɨ
  • Syllabification: twar‧dy

Adjective

twardy (comparative twardszy, superlative najtwardszy, derived adverb twardo)

  1. hard
    Antonym: miękki
    Diamenty są bardzo twarde.Diamonds are very hard.
    Moje łóżko jest bardzo twarde.My bed is very hard.
    Boli mnie ząb, więc nie mogę jeść twardego jedzenia.I have a toothache so I can't eat tough food.
    Ten stek jest twardy.This steak is tough.
  2. (of water) hard (high in dissolved calcium compounds)
  3. tough
    Nie bądź dla niej taki twardy.Don't be so tough with her.
    Nie uważasz, że jesteś dla niego zbyt twardy?Don't you think you are too hard on him?
  4. firm
    Wolę spać na twardym materacu.I prefer sleeping on a firm mattress.
  5. stiff, rigid
    Muszę kupić twardy pędzel.I have to buy a stiff brush.

Declension

Derived terms

noun
adjective
nouns
verbs

Further reading

  • twardy in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • twardy in Polish dictionaries at PWN
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