nyal
See also: nyál
Bouyei
Etymology
From Proto-Tai *ʰɲɯəꟲ (“grass”). Cognate with Thai หญ้า (yâa), Northern Thai ᩉ᩠ᨿ᩶ᩣ, Lao ຫຍ້າ (nyā), Lü ᦊᦱᧉ (ẏaa²), Shan ယိူဝ်ႈ (yōe) or ယႃႈ (yāa), Ahom 𑜊𑜢𑜤𑜈𑜫 (jʸüw), 𑜊𑜠 (jʸa), 𑜊𑜡 (jʸā), or 𑜐𑜠 (ña), Zhuang nywj.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɲa˨˦/
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈɲɒl]
- Hyphenation: nyal
- Rhymes: -ɒl
Conjugation
conjugation of nyal
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | nyalok | nyalsz | nyal | nyalunk | nyaltok | nyalnak | |
Def. | nyalom | nyalod | nyalja | nyaljuk | nyaljátok | nyalják | |||
2nd-p. o. | nyallak | ― | |||||||
Past | Indef. | nyaltam | nyaltál | nyalt | nyaltunk | nyaltatok | nyaltak | ||
Def. | nyaltam | nyaltad | nyalta | nyaltuk | nyaltátok | nyalták | |||
2nd-p. o. | nyaltalak | ― | |||||||
Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. nyalni fog. | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | nyalék | nyalál | nyala | nyalánk | nyalátok | nyalának | ||
Def. | nyalám | nyalád | nyalá | nyalánk | nyalátok | nyalák | |||
2nd-p. o. | nyalálak | ― | |||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. nyal vala, nyalt vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | nyalandok | nyalandasz | nyaland | nyalandunk | nyalandotok | nyalandanak | ||
Def. | nyalandom | nyalandod | nyalandja | nyalandjuk | nyalandjátok | nyalandják | |||
2nd-p. o. | nyalandalak | ― | |||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | nyalnék | nyalnál | nyalna | nyalnánk | nyalnátok | nyalnának | |
Def. | nyalnám | nyalnád | nyalná | nyalnánk (or nyalnók) |
nyalnátok | nyalnák | |||
2nd-p. o. | nyalnálak | ― | |||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. nyalt volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | nyaljak | nyalj or nyaljál |
nyaljon | nyaljunk | nyaljatok | nyaljanak | |
Def. | nyaljam | nyald or nyaljad |
nyalja | nyaljuk | nyaljátok | nyalják | |||
2nd-p. o. | nyaljalak | ― | |||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. nyalt légyen | ||||||||
Infinitive | nyalni | nyalnom | nyalnod | nyalnia | nyalnunk | nyalnotok | nyalniuk | ||
Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
nyalás | nyaló | nyalt | nyalandó | nyalva (nyalván) | |||||
The archaic passive conjugation had the same -(t)at/-(t)et suffix as the causative, followed by -ik in the 3rd-person singular (and the concomitant changes in conditional and subjunctive mostly in the 1st- and 3rd-person singular like with other traditional -ik verbs). | |||||||||
potential conjugation of nyal
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | nyalhatok | nyalhatsz | nyalhat | nyalhatunk | nyalhattok | nyalhatnak | |
Def. | nyalhatom | nyalhatod | nyalhatja | nyalhatjuk | nyalhatjátok | nyalhatják | |||
2nd-p. o. | nyalhatlak | ― | |||||||
Past | Indef. | nyalhattam | nyalhattál | nyalhatott | nyalhattunk | nyalhattatok | nyalhattak | ||
Def. | nyalhattam | nyalhattad | nyalhatta | nyalhattuk | nyalhattátok | nyalhatták | |||
2nd-p. o. | nyalhattalak | ― | |||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | nyalhaték | nyalhatál | nyalhata | nyalhatánk | nyalhatátok | nyalhatának | ||
Def. | nyalhatám | nyalhatád | nyalhatá | nyalhatánk | nyalhatátok | nyalhaták | |||
2nd-p. o. | nyalhatálak | ― | |||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. nyalhat vala, nyalhatott vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | nyalhatandok or nyalandhatok |
nyalhatandasz or nyalandhatsz |
nyalhatand or nyalandhat |
nyalhatandunk or nyalandhatunk |
nyalhatandotok or nyalandhattok |
nyalhatandanak or nyalandhatnak | ||
Def. | nyalhatandom or nyalandhatom |
nyalhatandod or nyalandhatod |
nyalhatandja or nyalandhatja |
nyalhatandjuk or nyalandhatjuk |
nyalhatandjátok or nyalandhatjátok |
nyalhatandják or nyalandhatják | |||
2nd-p. o. | nyalhatandalak or nyalandhatlak |
― | |||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | nyalhatnék | nyalhatnál | nyalhatna | nyalhatnánk | nyalhatnátok | nyalhatnának | |
Def. | nyalhatnám | nyalhatnád | nyalhatná | nyalhatnánk (or nyalhatnók) |
nyalhatnátok | nyalhatnák | |||
2nd-p. o. | nyalhatnálak | ― | |||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. nyalhatott volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | nyalhassak | nyalhass or nyalhassál |
nyalhasson | nyalhassunk | nyalhassatok | nyalhassanak | |
Def. | nyalhassam | nyalhasd or nyalhassad |
nyalhassa | nyalhassuk | nyalhassátok | nyalhassák | |||
2nd-p. o. | nyalhassalak | ― | |||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. nyalhatott légyen | ||||||||
Inf. | (nyalhatni) | (nyalhatnom) | (nyalhatnod) | (nyalhatnia) | (nyalhatnunk) | (nyalhatnotok) | (nyalhatniuk) | ||
Positive adjective | nyalható | Neg. adj. | nyalhatatlan | Adv. part. | (nyalhatva / nyalhatván) | ||||
Derived terms
- nyalakodik
- nyalánk
- nyalás
- nyaldos
- nyalint
- nyalka
- nyalogat
(With verbal prefixes):
- benyal
- felnyal
- kinyal
- lenyal
- megnyal
- végignyal
Compound words
- nyal-fal
References
- Entry #633 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
- nyal in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Further reading
- nyal in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
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