nyílik
Hungarian
Etymology
From Proto-Uralic *nᴕje-[1] (whence also nyit (“to open”)) + -lik (reflexive suffix). First attested after 1416. [2]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈɲiːlik]
- Hyphenation: nyí‧lik
- Rhymes: -iːlik
Verb
nyílik
- (intransitive) to open
- 1843, Sándor Petőfi, A virágnak megtiltani nem lehet…[3] (You cannot bid the flower), translation by Watson Kirkconnell[4]
- A virágnak megtiltani nem lehet, / Hogy ne nyíljék, ha jön a szép kikelet; / Kikelet a lyány, virág a szerelem, / Kikeletre virítani kénytelen.
- You cannot bid the flower not to bloom / When all the urgencies of springtide come, / Girlhood is spring, and love an opening flower; / A maid must bloom in springtime’s golden hour.
- 1843, Sándor Petőfi, A virágnak megtiltani nem lehet…[3] (You cannot bid the flower), translation by Watson Kirkconnell[4]
Usage notes
This verb is called a pseudo-ik verb, as its -ik ending presents itself only in the 3rd-person singular (indicative present) form, but it is not an -ik verb in any other aspect. As a result, it cannot take the -om/-em/-öm ending in the 1st-person singular (indicative present) form, even in the most erudite style, only -ok/-ek/-ök. Naturally, the optional -m ending cannot appear, either, in their subjunctive or conditional 1st-person singular forms, so only -jak/-jek and -nék is possible in these respective forms. These verbs include the following: bomlik, (el)bújik, (meg)érik, (le)folyik, (össze)gyűlik, hazudik, (le)hull(ik), (bele)/(oda)illik, (meg)jelenik, (el)kopik, (el)múlik, ömlik, (meg)születik, (meg)szűnik, (meg)telik, tojik, (el)törik, (el)/(fel)tűnik, (el)válik, and (el)züllik. (Ki)nyílik partially belongs here, as it cannot take the first-person -om ending but it can take the third-person -jék.
Conjugation
conjugation of nyílik
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | nyílok | nyílsz | nyílik | nyílunk | nyíltok | nyílnak | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | nyíltam | nyíltál | nyílt | nyíltunk | nyíltatok | nyíltak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. nyílni fog. | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | nyílék or nyílám |
nyílál | nyíla or nyílék |
nyílánk | nyílátok | nyílának | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. nyílik vala, nyílt vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | nyílandok (or nyílandom) |
nyílandasz (or nyílandol) |
nyíland (or nyílandik*) |
nyílandunk | nyílandotok | nyílandanak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | nyílnék (or nyílnám) |
nyílnál | nyílna (or nyílnék*) |
nyílnánk | nyílnátok | nyílnának | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. nyílt volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | nyíljak | nyílj or nyíljál |
nyíljon or nyíljék |
nyíljunk | nyíljatok | nyíljanak | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. nyílt légyen | ||||||||
| Infinitive | nyílni | nyílnom | nyílnod | nyílnia | nyílnunk | nyílnotok | nyílniuk | ||
| Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
| nyílás | nyíló | nyílt | ― | nyílva (nyílván) | |||||
potential conjugation of nyílik
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | nyílhatok | nyílhatsz (or nyílhatol) |
nyílhat (or nyílhatik) |
nyílhatunk | nyílhattok | nyílhatnak | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | nyílhattam | nyílhattál | nyílhatott | nyílhattunk | nyílhattatok | nyílhattak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | nyílhaték or nyílhatám |
nyílhatál | nyílhata or nyílhaték |
nyílhatánk | nyílhatátok | nyílhatának | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. nyílhat vala, nyílhatott vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | nyílhatandok or nyílandhatok (or nyílhatandom or nyílandhatom) |
nyílhatandasz or nyílandhatsz (or nyílhatandol or nyílandhatol) |
nyílhatand or nyílandhat (or nyílhatandik or nyílandhatik*) |
nyílhatandunk or nyílandhatunk |
nyílhatandotok or nyílandhattok |
nyílhatandanak or nyílandhatnak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | nyílhatnék (or nyílhatnám) |
nyílhatnál | nyílhatna (or nyílhatnék*) |
nyílhatnánk | nyílhatnátok | nyílhatnának | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. nyílhatott volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | nyílhassak (or nyílhassam) |
nyílhass or nyílhassál |
nyílhasson (or nyílhassék) |
nyílhassunk | nyílhassatok | nyílhassanak | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. nyílhatott légyen | ||||||||
| Inf. | (nyílhatni) | (nyílhatnom) | (nyílhatnod) | (nyílhatnia) | (nyílhatnunk) | (nyílhatnotok) | (nyílhatniuk) | ||
| Positive adjective | ― | Neg. adj. | ― | Adv. part. | (nyílhatva / nyílhatván) | ||||
In archaic or literary style, the long forms (with a linking vowel) are (were) common in the past tense, as well as in the present-tense conditional (even if it is short otherwise):
conjugation of nyílik
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | nyílok | nyílasz | nyílik | nyílunk | nyílotok | nyílanak | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | nyílottam | nyílottál | nyílott | nyílottunk | nyílottatok | nyílottak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. nyílani fog. | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | nyílék or nyílám |
nyílál | nyíla or nyílék |
nyílánk | nyílátok | nyílának | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. nyílik vala, nyílott vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | nyílandok (or nyílandom) |
nyílandasz (or nyílandol) |
nyíland (or nyílandik*) |
nyílandunk | nyílandotok | nyílandanak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | nyílanék (or nyílanám) |
nyílanál | nyílana (or nyílanék*) |
nyílanánk | nyílanátok | nyílanának | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. nyílott volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | nyíljak | nyílj or nyíljál |
nyíljon or nyíljék |
nyíljunk | nyíljatok | nyíljanak | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. nyílott légyen | ||||||||
| Infinitive | nyílani | nyílanom | nyílanod | nyílania | nyílanunk | nyílanotok | nyílaniuk | ||
| Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
| nyílás | nyíló | nyílott | ― | nyílva (nyílván) | |||||
potential conjugation of nyílik
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | nyílhatok | nyílhatsz (or nyílhatol) |
nyílhat (or nyílhatik) |
nyílhatunk | nyílhattok | nyílhatnak | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | nyílhattam | nyílhattál | nyílhatott | nyílhattunk | nyílhattatok | nyílhattak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | nyílhaték or nyílhatám |
nyílhatál | nyílhata or nyílhaték |
nyílhatánk | nyílhatátok | nyílhatának | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. nyílhat vala, nyílhatott vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | nyílhatandok or nyílandhatok (or nyílhatandom or nyílandhatom) |
nyílhatandasz or nyílandhatsz (or nyílhatandol or nyílandhatol) |
nyílhatand or nyílandhat (or nyílhatandik or nyílandhatik*) |
nyílhatandunk or nyílandhatunk |
nyílhatandotok or nyílandhattok |
nyílhatandanak or nyílandhatnak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | nyílhatnék (or nyílhatnám) |
nyílhatnál | nyílhatna (or nyílhatnék*) |
nyílhatnánk | nyílhatnátok | nyílhatnának | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. nyílhatott volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | nyílhassak (or nyílhassam) |
nyílhass or nyílhassál |
nyílhasson (or nyílhassék) |
nyílhassunk | nyílhassatok | nyílhassanak | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. nyílhatott légyen | ||||||||
| Inf. | (nyílhatni) | (nyílhatnom) | (nyílhatnod) | (nyílhatnia) | (nyílhatnunk) | (nyílhatnotok) | (nyílhatniuk) | ||
| Positive adjective | ― | Neg. adj. | ― | Adv. part. | (nyílhatva / nyílhatván) | ||||
References
- Helimski, Eugene. 1996. "Tágra nyíljék!" Ünnepi könyv Domokos Péter tiszteletére, ed. A. Bereczki, L. Klima. Budapest.
- nyílik in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
- Petőfi Sándor összes költeményei
- The Hungarian Helicon. Epic and Other Poetry. Translations by Watson Kirkconnell. Széchenyi Society, Incorporated, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 1985, p. 387.
Further reading
- nyílik in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
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