mꜣꜥ

Demotic

Etymology 1
Unknown. The once-popular derivation from Egyptian
bw
 (bw, “place, thing, -ness”) is untenable given the form of the Fayyumic descendant.[1] A corresponding hieroglyphic Egyptian word
U2
a		 N21Z1
pr
(mꜣꜥ, “place”) is attested from the end of the Third Intermediate Period onward, especially in late temple inscriptions, with the earliest certain attestation being in Papyrus Brooklyn 47.218.84,[2] but this is contemporaneous with the spread of early Demotic. Meeks proposes that another term bpꜣt attested at the beginning of the Ramesside Period might be an early writing of the same word, but the absence of the final ayin is problematic.[2]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /maʕ/

Noun

pr⁠mꜣꜥ⁠m m

  1. place
  2. cenotaph
Descendants

Etymology 2
From Egyptian
mAmAa
a
Y1
(mꜣꜥ, “to direct, to be true or just”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈmuːʔəʕ/

Verb

Y1⁠mꜣꜥ⁠m

  1. to be true
  2. to be justified
Descendants
  • ⇒ Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲙⲁⲓⲟ (tmaio), ⲧⲙⲁⲉⲓⲟ (tmaeio)

References
  • Erichsen, Wolja (1954) Demotisches Glossar, Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, page 149
  • Janet H. Johnson, editor (2001), The Demotic Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago‎, volume M (10.1), Chicago: The University of Chicago, pages 21–29
  1. Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 77
  2. Meeks, Dimitri (1994) “Étymologies coptes. Notes et remarques” in Coptology: Past, Present and Future: Studies in Honour of Professor Rodolphe Kasser, Louvain: Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 61, page 203–204. Meeks dates the papyrus to the Third Intermediate Period in this article, but Trismegistos and the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae place it in the reign of Psamtik I, citing his 2006 “Mythes et legendes du Delta d’après le papyrus 47.218.8” in Mémoires publiés par les membres de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire 125, pages 458–491.

Egyptian

Pronunciation
 
  • (verb): (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈmaːʀaʕ/ → /ˈmaːʀaʕ/ → /ˈmaːʔəʕ/ → /ˈmoːʔəʕ/

Verb
mAmAa
a
Y1

 3-lit.

  1. (transitive) to direct, to guide, to conduct
    • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 21–22:
      U5
      a      		 Nsn
      Z2
      n      		 zAZ1
      H_SPACE      		 stt
      H8      		 x t
      f      		 A13
      f      		 xr
      n      		 q
      n
      nDs      		 f
      mꜣꜥ.n.sn n zꜣ ꜣst ḫft(j).f ḫr n qn.f
      To the son of Isis they have delivered his adversary, fallen through his (own) violence.
  2. (reflexive or intransitive) to be(come) true, to be(come) correct
  3. (intransitive) to be(come) genuine, real, true
  4. (intransitive) to fulfil a title or familial relation as one should; to be a real or true (brother, servant, etc.)
  5. (intransitive, law) to be(come) innocent
  6. (intransitive) to be(come) just or fair
  7. (transitive) to make an offering of

Inflection
Conjugation of mꜣꜥ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: mꜣꜥ, geminated stem: mꜣꜥꜥ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
mꜣꜥ
 mꜣꜥw, mꜣꜥ
 mꜣꜥt
 mꜣꜥ
 mꜣꜥ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
mꜣꜥ
 ḥr mꜣꜥ
 m mꜣꜥ
 r mꜣꜥ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect mꜣꜥ.n
 mꜣꜥw, mꜣꜥ
 consecutive mꜣꜥ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative mꜣꜥt
perfective3 mꜣꜥ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 mꜣꜥ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective mꜣꜥ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 mꜣꜥ
 mꜣꜥꜥ
 potentialis1 mꜣꜥ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive mꜣꜥ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect mꜣꜥ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective mꜣꜥ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 mꜣꜥ
 mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥw5, mꜣꜥy5
imperfective mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥy, mꜣꜥw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥj6, mꜣꜥy6
 mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥw5
prospective mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥtj7
 — mꜣꜥtj4, mꜣꜥt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mꜣꜥ  
U5
a		 Y1V
mꜣꜥ

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Demotic: mꜣꜥ
    • ⇒ Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲙⲁⲓⲟ (tmaio), ⲧⲙⲁⲉⲓⲟ (tmaeio)

Noun
U2
mAa		 a
H2

 m

  1. (anatomy) temple

Inflection
Declension of mꜣꜥ (masculine)
singular mꜣꜥ
dual mꜣꜥwj
plural mꜣꜥw

Derived terms

Noun
U2
a		 N21Z1
pr

 m

  1. place [since the end of the Third Intermediate Period]

Inflection
Declension of mꜣꜥ (masculine)
singular mꜣꜥ
dual mꜣꜥwj
plural mꜣꜥw

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mꜣꜥ  
aU1t
pr
U2
a		 N21pr
U2
a		 Y1F16N23Z1
U2
a		 F16
U2
a		 t
pr
mꜣꜥt mꜣꜥ mꜣꜥ mꜣꜥ mꜣꜥt

References
  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 12–14.19; 22.1–23.6
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 101
  • Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 55, 128
  • Meeks, Dimitri (1994) “Étymologies coptes. Notes et remarques” in Coptology: Past, Present and Future: Studies in Honour of Professor Rodolphe Kasser, Louvain: Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 61, page 203–204
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