llyfu
Welsh
Alternative forms
- llyo
- llyu
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *ligeti (compare Old Irish ligid, Modern Irish ligh), from Proto-Indo-European *leyǵʰ-.
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈɬəvɨ̞/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈɬəvi/
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | llyfaf | llyfi | llyf, llyfa | llyfwn | llyfwch | llyfant | llyfir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
llyfwn | llyfit | llyfai | llyfem | llyfech | llyfent | llyfid | |
| preterite | llyfais | llyfaist | llyfodd | llyfasom | llyfasoch | llyfasant | llyfwyd | |
| pluperfect | llyfaswn | llyfasit | llyfasai | llyfasem | llyfasech | llyfasent | llyfasid, llyfesid | |
| present subjunctive | llyfwyf | llyfych | llyfo | llyfom | llyfoch | llyfont | llyfer | |
| imperative | — | llyf, llyfa | llyfed | llyfwn | llyfwch | llyfent | llyfer | |
| verbal noun | llyfu | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | llyfedig | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | llyfa i, llyfaf i | llyfi di | llyfith o/e/hi, llyfiff e/hi | llyfwn ni | llyfwch chi | llyfan nhw |
| conditional | llyfwn i, llyfswn i | llyfet ti, llyfset ti | llyfai fo/fe/hi, llyfsai fo/fe/hi | llyfen ni, llyfsen ni | llyfech chi, llyfsech chi | llyfen nhw, llyfsen nhw |
| preterite | llyfais i, llyfes i | llyfaist ti, llyfest ti | llyfodd o/e/hi | llyfon ni | llyfoch chi | llyfon nhw |
| imperative | — | llyfa | — | — | llyfwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms
- llyfu traed (“to flatter”, literally “to lick boots”)
- (vulgar) llyfu tin (“to arselick”)
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| llyfu | lyfu | unchanged | unchanged |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “llyfaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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