livrer
French
Etymology
Inherited from Old French livrer, inherited from Latin līberāre. Doublet of libérer.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /li.vʁe/
audio (file)
Verb
livrer
- to deliver (a package, merchandise etc.)
- to hand over, deliver (someone to an enemy, police, etc.)
- to betray
- to give away (a secret etc.); to confide, reveal, drop (a hint)
- (reflexive) abandon oneself, give oneself over [+ à (object) = to]
- (reflexive) to practise (a sport); be engaged in (a job, research); set up (an enquiry) [+ à (object) = to]
Conjugation
Conjugation of livrer (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | livrer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | livrant /li.vʁɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | livré /li.vʁe/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | livre /livʁ/ |
livres /livʁ/ |
livre /livʁ/ |
livrons /li.vʁɔ̃/ |
livrez /li.vʁe/ |
livrent /livʁ/ |
| imperfect | livrais /li.vʁɛ/ |
livrais /li.vʁɛ/ |
livrait /li.vʁɛ/ |
livrions /li.vʁi.jɔ̃/ |
livriez /li.vʁi.je/ |
livraient /li.vʁɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | livrai /li.vʁe/ |
livras /li.vʁa/ |
livra /li.vʁa/ |
livrâmes /li.vʁam/ |
livrâtes /li.vʁat/ |
livrèrent /li.vʁɛʁ/ | |
| future | livrerai /li.vʁə.ʁe/ |
livreras /li.vʁə.ʁa/ |
livrera /li.vʁə.ʁa/ |
livrerons /li.vʁə.ʁɔ̃/ |
livrerez /li.vʁə.ʁe/ |
livreront /li.vʁə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | livrerais /li.vʁə.ʁɛ/ |
livrerais /li.vʁə.ʁɛ/ |
livrerait /li.vʁə.ʁɛ/ |
livrerions /li.vʁə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
livreriez /li.vʁə.ʁje/ |
livreraient /li.vʁə.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | livre /livʁ/ |
livres /livʁ/ |
livre /livʁ/ |
livrions /li.vʁi.jɔ̃/ |
livriez /li.vʁi.je/ |
livrent /livʁ/ |
| imperfect2 | livrasse /li.vʁas/ |
livrasses /li.vʁas/ |
livrât /li.vʁa/ |
livrassions /li.vʁa.sjɔ̃/ |
livrassiez /li.vʁa.sje/ |
livrassent /li.vʁas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | livre /livʁ/ |
— | livrons /li.vʁɔ̃/ |
livrez /li.vʁe/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Synonyms
Derived terms
Further reading
- “livrer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Old French
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. In the present tense an extra supporting e is needed in the first-person singular indicative and throughout the singular subjunctive, and the third-person singular subjunctive ending -t is lost. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | livrer | avoir livré | |||||
| gerund | en livrant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
| present participle | livrant | ||||||
| past participle | livré | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses |
present | livre | livres | livre | livrons | livrez | livrent |
| imperfect | livroie, livreie, livroe, livreve | livroies, livreies, livroes, livreves | livroit, livreit, livrot, livreve | livriiens, livriens | livriiez, livriez | livroient, livreient, livroent, livrevent | |
| preterite | livrai | livras | livra | livrames | livrastes | livrerent | |
| future | livrerai | livreras | livrera | livrerons | livreroiz, livrereiz, livrerez | livreront | |
| conditional | livreroie, livrereie | livreroies, livrereies | livreroit, livrereit | livreriiens, livreriens | livreriiez, livreriez | livreroient, livrereient | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses |
present | livre | livres | livre | livrons | livrez | livrent |
| imperfect | livrasse | livrasses | livrast | livrissons, livrissiens | livrissoiz, livrissez, livrissiez | livrassent | |
| compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | livre | — | livrons | livrez | — | ||
Derived terms
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