hlafuna

Northern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-cákuna, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.

Verb

-hláfúna

  1. to chew

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Sotho

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-cákuna, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.

Verb

hlafuna

  1. to chew

Xhosa

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-cákuna, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.

Verb

-hláfúna

  1. to chew

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-cákuna, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.

Pronunciation

IPA(key): /ɬafuːna/

Verb

-hlafúna

  1. to chew

Inflection
Tone H
Infinitive ukuhlafuna
Positive Negative
Infinitive ukuhlafuna ukungahlafuni
Imperative
Simple + object concord
Singular hlafuna -hlafune
Plural hlafunani -hlafuneni
Present
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyahlafuna, ngihlafuna engihlafunayo, engihlafuna ngihlafuna angihlafuni engingahlafuni ngingahlafuni
2nd singular uyahlafuna, uhlafuna ohlafunayo, ohlafuna uhlafuna awuhlafuni ongahlafuni ungahlafuni
1st plural siyahlafuna, sihlafuna esihlafunayo, esihlafuna sihlafuna asihlafuni esingahlafuni singahlafuni
2nd plural niyahlafuna, nihlafuna enihlafunayo, enihlafuna nihlafuna anihlafuni eningahlafuni ningahlafuni
Class 1 uyahlafuna, uhlafuna ohlafunayo, ohlafuna ehlafuna akahlafuni ongahlafuni engahlafuni
Class 2 bayahlafuna, bahlafuna abahlafunayo, abahlafuna behlafuna abahlafuni abangahlafuni bengahlafuni
Class 3 uyahlafuna, uhlafuna ohlafunayo, ohlafuna uhlafuna awuhlafuni ongahlafuni ungahlafuni
Class 4 iyahlafuna, ihlafuna ehlafunayo, ehlafuna ihlafuna ayihlafuni engahlafuni ingahlafuni
Class 5 liyahlafuna, lihlafuna elihlafunayo, elihlafuna lihlafuna alihlafuni elingahlafuni lingahlafuni
Class 6 ayahlafuna, ahlafuna ahlafunayo, ahlafuna ehlafuna awahlafuni angahlafuni engahlafuni
Class 7 siyahlafuna, sihlafuna esihlafunayo, esihlafuna sihlafuna asihlafuni esingahlafuni singahlafuni
Class 8 ziyahlafuna, zihlafuna ezihlafunayo, ezihlafuna zihlafuna azihlafuni ezingahlafuni zingahlafuni
Class 9 iyahlafuna, ihlafuna ehlafunayo, ehlafuna ihlafuna ayihlafuni engahlafuni ingahlafuni
Class 10 ziyahlafuna, zihlafuna ezihlafunayo, ezihlafuna zihlafuna azihlafuni ezingahlafuni zingahlafuni
Class 11 luyahlafuna, luhlafuna oluhlafunayo, oluhlafuna luhlafuna aluhlafuni olungahlafuni lungahlafuni
Class 14 buyahlafuna, buhlafuna obuhlafunayo, obuhlafuna buhlafuna abuhlafuni obungahlafuni bungahlafuni
Class 15 kuyahlafuna, kuhlafuna okuhlafunayo, okuhlafuna kuhlafuna akuhlafuni okungahlafuni kungahlafuni
Class 17 kuyahlafuna, kuhlafuna okuhlafunayo, okuhlafuna kuhlafuna akuhlafuni okungahlafuni kungahlafuni
Recent past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngihlafunile, ngihlafunē engihlafunile, engihlafunē ngihlafunile, ngihlafunē angihlafunanga engingahlafunanga ngingahlafunanga
2nd singular uhlafunile, uhlafunē ohlafunile, ohlafunē uhlafunile, uhlafunē awuhlafunanga ongahlafunanga ungahlafunanga
1st plural sihlafunile, sihlafunē esihlafunile, esihlafunē sihlafunile, sihlafunē asihlafunanga esingahlafunanga singahlafunanga
2nd plural nihlafunile, nihlafunē enihlafunile, enihlafunē nihlafunile, nihlafunē anihlafunanga eningahlafunanga ningahlafunanga
Class 1 uhlafunile, uhlafunē ohlafunile, ohlafunē ehlafunile, ehlafunē akahlafunanga ongahlafunanga engahlafunanga
Class 2 bahlafunile, bahlafunē abahlafunile, abahlafunē behlafunile, behlafunē abahlafunanga abangahlafunanga bengahlafunanga
Class 3 uhlafunile, uhlafunē ohlafunile, ohlafunē uhlafunile, uhlafunē awuhlafunanga ongahlafunanga ungahlafunanga
Class 4 ihlafunile, ihlafunē ehlafunile, ehlafunē ihlafunile, ihlafunē ayihlafunanga engahlafunanga ingahlafunanga
Class 5 lihlafunile, lihlafunē elihlafunile, elihlafunē lihlafunile, lihlafunē alihlafunanga elingahlafunanga lingahlafunanga
Class 6 ahlafunile, ahlafunē ahlafunile, ahlafunē ehlafunile, ehlafunē awahlafunanga angahlafunanga engahlafunanga
Class 7 sihlafunile, sihlafunē esihlafunile, esihlafunē sihlafunile, sihlafunē asihlafunanga esingahlafunanga singahlafunanga
Class 8 zihlafunile, zihlafunē ezihlafunile, ezihlafunē zihlafunile, zihlafunē azihlafunanga ezingahlafunanga zingahlafunanga
Class 9 ihlafunile, ihlafunē ehlafunile, ehlafunē ihlafunile, ihlafunē ayihlafunanga engahlafunanga ingahlafunanga
Class 10 zihlafunile, zihlafunē ezihlafunile, ezihlafunē zihlafunile, zihlafunē azihlafunanga ezingahlafunanga zingahlafunanga
Class 11 luhlafunile, luhlafunē oluhlafunile, oluhlafunē luhlafunile, luhlafunē aluhlafunanga olungahlafunanga lungahlafunanga
Class 14 buhlafunile, buhlafunē obuhlafunile, obuhlafunē buhlafunile, buhlafunē abuhlafunanga obungahlafunanga bungahlafunanga
Class 15 kuhlafunile, kuhlafunē okuhlafunile, okuhlafunē kuhlafunile, kuhlafunē akuhlafunanga okungahlafunanga kungahlafunanga
Class 17 kuhlafunile, kuhlafunē okuhlafunile, okuhlafunē kuhlafunile, kuhlafunē akuhlafunanga okungahlafunanga kungahlafunanga
Remote past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngāhlafuna engāhlafuna ngāhlafuna angihlafunanga engingahlafunanga ngingahlafunanga
2nd singular wāhlafuna owāhlafuna wāhlafuna awuhlafunanga ongahlafunanga ungahlafunanga
1st plural sāhlafuna esāhlafuna sāhlafuna asihlafunanga esingahlafunanga singahlafunanga
2nd plural nāhlafuna enāhlafuna nāhlafuna anihlafunanga eningahlafunanga ningahlafunanga
Class 1 wāhlafuna owāhlafuna āhlafuna akahlafunanga ongahlafunanga engahlafunanga
Class 2 bāhlafuna abāhlafuna bāhlafuna abahlafunanga abangahlafunanga bengahlafunanga
Class 3 wāhlafuna owāhlafuna wāhlafuna awuhlafunanga ongahlafunanga ungahlafunanga
Class 4 yāhlafuna eyāhlafuna yāhlafuna ayihlafunanga engahlafunanga ingahlafunanga
Class 5 lāhlafuna elāhlafuna lāhlafuna alihlafunanga elingahlafunanga lingahlafunanga
Class 6 āhlafuna āhlafuna āhlafuna awahlafunanga angahlafunanga engahlafunanga
Class 7 sāhlafuna esāhlafuna sāhlafuna asihlafunanga esingahlafunanga singahlafunanga
Class 8 zāhlafuna ezāhlafuna zāhlafuna azihlafunanga ezingahlafunanga zingahlafunanga
Class 9 yāhlafuna eyāhlafuna yāhlafuna ayihlafunanga engahlafunanga ingahlafunanga
Class 10 zāhlafuna ezāhlafuna zāhlafuna azihlafunanga ezingahlafunanga zingahlafunanga
Class 11 lwāhlafuna olwāhlafuna lwāhlafuna aluhlafunanga olungahlafunanga lungahlafunanga
Class 14 bāhlafuna obāhlafuna bāhlafuna abuhlafunanga obungahlafunanga bungahlafunanga
Class 15 kwāhlafuna okwāhlafuna kwāhlafuna akuhlafunanga okungahlafunanga kungahlafunanga
Class 17 kwāhlafuna okwāhlafuna kwāhlafuna akuhlafunanga okungahlafunanga kungahlafunanga
Potential
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngingahlafuna — ngingahlafuna ngingehlafune — ngingehlafune
2nd singular ungahlafuna — ungahlafuna ungehlafune — ungehlafune
1st plural singahlafuna — singahlafuna singehlafune — singehlafune
2nd plural ningahlafuna — ningahlafuna ningehlafune — ningehlafune
Class 1 angahlafuna — engahlafuna angehlafune — engehlafune
Class 2 bangahlafuna — bengahlafuna bangehlafune — bengehlafune
Class 3 ungahlafuna — ungahlafuna ungehlafune — ungehlafune
Class 4 ingahlafuna — ingahlafuna ingehlafune — ingehlafune
Class 5 lingahlafuna — lingahlafuna lingehlafune — lingehlafune
Class 6 angahlafuna — engahlafuna angehlafune — engehlafune
Class 7 singahlafuna — singahlafuna singehlafune — singehlafune
Class 8 zingahlafuna — zingahlafuna zingehlafune — zingehlafune
Class 9 ingahlafuna — ingahlafuna ingehlafune — ingehlafune
Class 10 zingahlafuna — zingahlafuna zingehlafune — zingehlafune
Class 11 lungahlafuna — lungahlafuna lungehlafune — lungehlafune
Class 14 bungahlafuna — bungahlafuna bungehlafune — bungehlafune
Class 15 kungahlafuna — kungahlafuna kungehlafune — kungehlafune
Class 17 kungahlafuna — kungahlafuna kungehlafune — kungehlafune
Immediate future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngizohlafuna engizohlafuna ngizohlafuna angizuhlafuna engingezuhlafuna ngingezuhlafuna
2nd singular uzohlafuna ozohlafuna uzohlafuna awuzuhlafuna ongezuhlafuna ungezuhlafuna
1st plural sizohlafuna esizohlafuna sizohlafuna asizuhlafuna esingezuhlafuna singezuhlafuna
2nd plural nizohlafuna enizohlafuna nizohlafuna anizuhlafuna eningezuhlafuna ningezuhlafuna
Class 1 uzohlafuna ozohlafuna ezohlafuna akazuhlafuna ongezuhlafuna engezuhlafuna
Class 2 bazohlafuna abazohlafuna bezohlafuna abazuhlafuna abangezuhlafuna bengezuhlafuna
Class 3 uzohlafuna ozohlafuna uzohlafuna awuzuhlafuna ongezuhlafuna ungezuhlafuna
Class 4 izohlafuna ezohlafuna izohlafuna ayizuhlafuna engezuhlafuna ingezuhlafuna
Class 5 lizohlafuna elizohlafuna lizohlafuna alizuhlafuna elingezuhlafuna lingezuhlafuna
Class 6 azohlafuna azohlafuna ezohlafuna awazuhlafuna angezuhlafuna engezuhlafuna
Class 7 sizohlafuna esizohlafuna sizohlafuna asizuhlafuna esingezuhlafuna singezuhlafuna
Class 8 zizohlafuna ezizohlafuna zizohlafuna azizuhlafuna ezingezuhlafuna zingezuhlafuna
Class 9 izohlafuna ezohlafuna izohlafuna ayizuhlafuna engezuhlafuna ingezuhlafuna
Class 10 zizohlafuna ezizohlafuna zizohlafuna azizuhlafuna ezingezuhlafuna zingezuhlafuna
Class 11 luzohlafuna oluzohlafuna luzohlafuna aluzuhlafuna olungezuhlafuna lungezuhlafuna
Class 14 buzohlafuna obuzohlafuna buzohlafuna abuzuhlafuna obungezuhlafuna bungezuhlafuna
Class 15 kuzohlafuna okuzohlafuna kuzohlafuna akuzuhlafuna okungezuhlafuna kungezuhlafuna
Class 17 kuzohlafuna okuzohlafuna kuzohlafuna akuzuhlafuna okungezuhlafuna kungezuhlafuna
Remote future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyohlafuna engiyohlafuna ngiyohlafuna angiyuhlafuna engingeyuhlafuna ngingeyuhlafuna
2nd singular uyohlafuna oyohlafuna uyohlafuna awuyuhlafuna ongeyuhlafuna ungeyuhlafuna
1st plural siyohlafuna esiyohlafuna siyohlafuna asiyuhlafuna esingeyuhlafuna singeyuhlafuna
2nd plural niyohlafuna eniyohlafuna niyohlafuna aniyuhlafuna eningeyuhlafuna ningeyuhlafuna
Class 1 uyohlafuna oyohlafuna eyohlafuna akayuhlafuna ongeyuhlafuna engeyuhlafuna
Class 2 bayohlafuna abayohlafuna beyohlafuna abayuhlafuna abangeyuhlafuna bengeyuhlafuna
Class 3 uyohlafuna oyohlafuna uyohlafuna awuyuhlafuna ongeyuhlafuna ungeyuhlafuna
Class 4 iyohlafuna eyohlafuna iyohlafuna ayiyuhlafuna engeyuhlafuna ingeyuhlafuna
Class 5 liyohlafuna eliyohlafuna liyohlafuna aliyuhlafuna elingeyuhlafuna lingeyuhlafuna
Class 6 ayohlafuna ayohlafuna eyohlafuna awayuhlafuna angeyuhlafuna engeyuhlafuna
Class 7 siyohlafuna esiyohlafuna siyohlafuna asiyuhlafuna esingeyuhlafuna singeyuhlafuna
Class 8 ziyohlafuna eziyohlafuna ziyohlafuna aziyuhlafuna ezingeyuhlafuna zingeyuhlafuna
Class 9 iyohlafuna eyohlafuna iyohlafuna ayiyuhlafuna engeyuhlafuna ingeyuhlafuna
Class 10 ziyohlafuna eziyohlafuna ziyohlafuna aziyuhlafuna ezingeyuhlafuna zingeyuhlafuna
Class 11 luyohlafuna oluyohlafuna luyohlafuna aluyuhlafuna olungeyuhlafuna lungeyuhlafuna
Class 14 buyohlafuna obuyohlafuna buyohlafuna abuyuhlafuna obungeyuhlafuna bungeyuhlafuna
Class 15 kuyohlafuna okuyohlafuna kuyohlafuna akuyuhlafuna okungeyuhlafuna kungeyuhlafuna
Class 17 kuyohlafuna okuyohlafuna kuyohlafuna akuyuhlafuna okungeyuhlafuna kungeyuhlafuna
Present subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngihlafune ngingahlafuni
2nd singular uhlafune ungahlafuni
1st plural sihlafune singahlafuni
2nd plural nihlafune ningahlafuni
Class 1 ahlafune angahlafuni
Class 2 bahlafune bangahlafuni
Class 3 uhlafune ungahlafuni
Class 4 ihlafune ingahlafuni
Class 5 lihlafune lingahlafuni
Class 6 ahlafune angahlafuni
Class 7 sihlafune singahlafuni
Class 8 zihlafune zingahlafuni
Class 9 ihlafune ingahlafuni
Class 10 zihlafune zingahlafuni
Class 11 luhlafune lungahlafuni
Class 14 buhlafune bungahlafuni
Class 15 kuhlafune kungahlafuni
Class 17 kuhlafune kungahlafuni
Past subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngahlafuna ngangahlafuna, angahlafuna, angangahlafuna
2nd singular wahlafuna wangahlafuna, awahlafuna, awangahlafuna
1st plural sahlafuna sangahlafuna, asahlafuna, asangahlafuna
2nd plural nahlafuna nangahlafuna, anahlafuna, anangahlafuna
Class 1 wahlafuna wangahlafuna, akahlafuna, akangahlafuna
Class 2 bahlafuna bangahlafuna, abahlafuna, abangahlafuna
Class 3 wahlafuna wangahlafuna, awahlafuna, awangahlafuna
Class 4 yahlafuna yangahlafuna, ayahlafuna, ayangahlafuna
Class 5 lahlafuna langahlafuna, alahlafuna, alangahlafuna
Class 6 ahlafuna angahlafuna, awahlafuna, awangahlafuna
Class 7 sahlafuna sangahlafuna, asahlafuna, asangahlafuna
Class 8 zahlafuna zangahlafuna, azahlafuna, azangahlafuna
Class 9 yahlafuna yangahlafuna, ayahlafuna, ayangahlafuna
Class 10 zahlafuna zangahlafuna, azahlafuna, azangahlafuna
Class 11 lwahlafuna lwangahlafuna, alwahlafuna, alwangahlafuna
Class 14 bahlafuna bangahlafuna, abahlafuna, abangahlafuna
Class 15 kwahlafuna kwangahlafuna, akwahlafuna, akwangahlafuna
Class 17 kwahlafuna kwangahlafuna, akwahlafuna, akwangahlafuna

Derived terms
  • inhlafuno

References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “hlafuna”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “hlafuna (3.2.9)”

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