hámlik
Hungarian
Etymology
First attested in 1527. From Proto-Uralic *kama (“skin”)[1] + -lik.[2] Cognates include Finnish kamara.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈhaːmlik]
- Hyphenation: hám‧lik
- Rhymes: -aːmlik
Usage notes
This verb belongs among those whose subjunctive forms (as well as adverbial participle and potential) would generate a cluster of three consonants, which is hard to pronounce. To avoid it, linguistic literature usually advises inserting a vowel between the first two consonants (or in some cases, avoiding these forms altogether). However, many native speakers find it just as awkward as the triple-consonant option and shrink from using it, even refusing these forms on hearing (although people have no objection to using the same linking vowel with other verbs like oszlik or bomlik). If someone wants to avoid these forms, a synonymous verb can be used instead or the sentence can be rephrased. (Verbs that are currently categorized as not having the above forms at all are listed at Hungarian defective verbs. However, in this case there is not always a clear dividing line between uncommon and impossible.) Further reading (in Hungarian):
Conjugation
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | hámlok | hámlasz | hámlik | hámlunk | hámlotok | hámlanak | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | hámlottam | hámlottál | hámlott | hámlottunk | hámlottatok | hámlottak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. hámlani fog. | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | hámlék | hámlál | hámla | hámlánk | hámlátok | hámlának | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. hámlik vala, hámlott vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | hámlandok | hámlandasz | hámland | hámlandunk | hámlandotok | hámlandanak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | hámlanék | hámlanál | hámlana | hámlanánk | hámlanátok | hámlanának | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. hámlott volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | hámoljak | hámolj or hámoljál |
hámoljon | hámoljunk | hámoljatok | hámoljanak | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. hámlott légyen | ||||||||
| Infinitive | hámlani | hámlanom | hámlanod | hámlania | hámlanunk | hámlanotok | hámlaniuk | ||
| Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
| hámlás | hámló | hámlott | ― | hámolva (hámolván) | |||||
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | hámolhatok | hámolhatsz | hámolhat | hámolhatunk | hámolhattok | hámolhatnak | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | hámolhattam | hámolhattál | hámolhatott | hámolhattunk | hámolhattatok | hámolhattak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | hámlhaték | hámlhatál | hámlhata | hámlhatánk | hámlhatátok | hámlhatának | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. hámolhat vala, hámolhatott vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | hámolhatandok or hámlandhatok |
hámolhatandasz or hámlandhatsz |
hámolhatand or hámlandhat |
hámolhatandunk or hámlandhatunk |
hámolhatandotok or hámlandhattok |
hámolhatandanak or hámlandhatnak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | hámolhatnék | hámolhatnál | hámolhatna | hámolhatnánk | hámolhatnátok | hámolhatnának | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. hámolhatott volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | hámolhassak | hámolhass or hámolhassál |
hámolhasson | hámolhassunk | hámolhassatok | hámolhassanak | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. hámolhatott légyen | ||||||||
| Inf. | (hámolhatni) | (hámolhatnom) | (hámolhatnod) | (hámolhatnia) | (hámolhatnunk) | (hámolhatnotok) | (hámolhatniuk) | ||
| Positive adjective | ― | Neg. adj. | ― | Adv. part. | (hámolhatva / hámolhatván) | ||||
Related terms
References
- Entry #233 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
- hámlik in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Further reading
- hámlik in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN