gwenwyno
Welsh
Alternative forms
- gwenwynu (collateral verbnoun)
- gwnuno (North Wales, colloquial)
- gwenino, gwnino (Ceredigion, South Wales, colloquial)
- gwenŵyno (obsolete)
Etymology
From Middle Welsh gwenwynaw, gwennwynaw, gwennỽynaw, gỽenỽynaỽ. By surface analysis, gwenwyn + -o. The collateral gwenwynu may result from the influence of gwynnu (“whiten”).
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | gwenwynaf | gwenwyni | gwenwyn, gwenwyna | gwenwynwn | gwenwynwch | gwenwynant | gwenwynir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
gwenwynwn | gwenwynit | gwenwynai | gwenwynem | gwenwynech | gwenwynent | gwenwynid | |
| preterite | gwenwynais | gwenwynaist | gwenwynodd | gwenwynasom | gwenwynasoch | gwenwynasant | gwenwynwyd | |
| pluperfect | gwenwynaswn | gwenwynasit | gwenwynasai | gwenwynasem | gwenwynasech | gwenwynasent | gwenwynasid, gwenwynesid | |
| present subjunctive | gwenwynwyf | gwenwynych | gwenwyno | gwenwynom | gwenwynoch | gwenwynont | gwenwyner | |
| imperative | — | gwenwyn, gwenwyna | gwenwyned | gwenwynwn | gwenwynwch | gwenwynent | gwenwyner | |
| verbal noun | gwenwyno | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | gwenwynedig gwenwynadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | gwenwyna i, gwenwynaf i | gwenwyni di | gwenwynith o/e/hi, gwenwyniff e/hi | gwenwynwn ni | gwenwynwch chi | gwenwynan nhw |
| conditional | gwenwynwn i, gwenwynswn i | gwenwynet ti, gwenwynset ti | gwenwynai fo/fe/hi, gwenwynsai fo/fe/hi | gwenwynen ni, gwenwynsen ni | gwenwynech chi, gwenwynsech chi | gwenwynen nhw, gwenwynsen nhw |
| preterite | gwenwynais i, gwenwynes i | gwenwynaist ti, gwenwynest ti | gwenwynodd o/e/hi | gwenwynon ni | gwenwynoch chi | gwenwynon nhw |
| imperative | — | gwenwyna | — | — | gwenwynwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms
- gwenwyniad m (“poisoning”)
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| gwenwyno | wenwyno | ngwenwyno | unchanged |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gwenwyno”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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