gelo

See also: gelò and gêlo

Catalan

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central) [ˈʒɛ.lu]

IPA^(key): (Balearic) [ˈʒɛ.lo]

IPA^(key): (Valencian) [ˈd͡ʒɛ.lo]

Verb

gelo

first-person singular present indicative of gelar

Esperanto

Etymology

From Latin gelu.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈɡelo]
Rhymes: -elo
Hyphenation: ge‧lo

Noun

gelo (accusative singular gelon, plural geloj, accusative plural gelojn)

(weather) frost
Synonym: frosto

Italian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒɛ.lo/
Rhymes: -ɛlo
Hyphenation: gè‧lo

Etymology 1

From Latin gelū (“frost, chill”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”).

Alternative forms

gielo (obsolete)

Noun

gelo m (plural geli)

intense cold
frost
cold weather
icy water
coldness (lack of enthusiasm etc.)

Related terms

Descendants

→ Neapolitan: gelo

Etymology 2

Form of the verb gelare (“to freeze, chill”)

Verb

gelo

first-person singular present indicative of gelare

Anagrams

gole, lego, legò

Latin

Etymology

From gelū (“frost”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”). Cognate with Ancient Greek γελανδρόν (gelandrón).

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈɡe.loː/, [ˈɡɛɫ̪oː]

(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒe.lo/, [ˈd͡ʒɛːlo]

Verb

gelō (present infinitive gelāre, perfect active gelāvī, supine gelātum); first conjugation

to freeze, cause to congeal
to frighten, petrify, cause to become rigid with fright

Conjugation

Conjugation of gelō (first conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
indicative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	gelō	gelās	gelat	gelāmus	gelātis	gelant
	imperfect	gelābam	gelābās	gelābat	gelābāmus	gelābātis	gelābant
	future	gelābō	gelābis	gelābit	gelābimus	gelābitis	gelābunt
	perfect	gelāvī	gelāvistī	gelāvit	gelāvimus	gelāvistis	gelāvērunt, gelāvēre
	pluperfect	gelāveram	gelāverās	gelāverat	gelāverāmus	gelāverātis	gelāverant
	future perfect	gelāverō	gelāveris	gelāverit	gelāverimus	gelāveritis	gelāverint
passive	present	gelor	gelāris, gelāre	gelātur	gelāmur	gelāminī	gelantur
	imperfect	gelābar	gelābāris, gelābāre	gelābātur	gelābāmur	gelābāminī	gelābantur
	future	gelābor	gelāberis, gelābere	gelābitur	gelābimur	gelābiminī	gelābuntur
	perfect	gelātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	gelātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	gelātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
subjunctive		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	gelem	gelēs	gelet	gelēmus	gelētis	gelent
	imperfect	gelārem	gelārēs	gelāret	gelārēmus	gelārētis	gelārent
	perfect	gelāverim	gelāverīs	gelāverit	gelāverīmus	gelāverītis	gelāverint
	pluperfect	gelāvissem	gelāvissēs	gelāvisset	gelāvissēmus	gelāvissētis	gelāvissent
passive	present	geler	gelēris, gelēre	gelētur	gelēmur	gelēminī	gelentur
	imperfect	gelārer	gelārēris, gelārēre	gelārētur	gelārēmur	gelārēminī	gelārentur
	perfect	gelātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	gelātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
imperative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	gelā	—	—	gelāte	—
active	future	—	gelātō	gelātō	—	gelātōte	gelantō
passive	present	—	gelāre	—	—	gelāminī	—
passive	future	—	gelātor	gelātor	—	—	gelantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
non-finite forms		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		gelāre	gelāvisse	gelātūrum esse	gelārī	gelātum esse	gelātum īrī
participles		gelāns	—	gelātūrus	—	gelātus	gelandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		gelandī	gelandō	gelandum	gelandō	gelātum	gelātū

Derived terms

Descendants

Italo-Romance:
- Italian: gelare
  - → Neapolitan: gelà
- Neapolitan: jelare
- Sicilian: jilari
Padanian:
- Romansch: schelar
- Venetian: xełar, gełar
Gallo-Romance:
- Catalan: gelar
- Old French: geler
  - French: geler
  - Norman: g'ler, g'laïr
  - Walloon: djaler
  - → Middle English: gelen, gellyn
    - English: geal
    - Scots: geal, jeel
- Occitan: gelar
Ibero-Romance:
- Aragonese: chelar
- Asturian: xelar
- Extremaduran: gelal
- Galician: xear
- Ladino: yelar
- Portuguese: gear
- Spanish: helar
Insular Romance:
- Sardinian: gelare, zelare
Borrowings:
- → Portuguese: gelar (learned)
  - Guinea-Bissau Creole: djela

References

“gelo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“gelo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
gelo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 256

Neapolitan

Alternative forms

jélo

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian gelo, from Latin gelū. The alternative form above represents the native Neapolitan outcome.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒɛlə/

Noun

gelo m (plural [please provide])

frost (on the vegetation especially)
cold (relatively intense cold)

References

AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 383: “il gelo” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it

Old High German

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *gelu, from Proto-Germanic *gelwaz, whence also Old English geolu.

Adjective

gelo

yellow

Descendants

Middle High German: gël (inflected gëlwe)
- Alemannic German:
  - Alsatian: gahl, gäl
  Swabian: geal
- Central Franconian: gäl, jäl, jell
- Cimbrian: gel, ghéel
- German: gelb; gehl (regional)
  → Hunsrik: gelleb
- Luxembourgish: giel
- Pennsylvania German: gehl
- Vilamovian: gaoł
- Yiddish: געל (gel), געלב (gelb)

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

gelu

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *gelu, from Proto-Germanic *gelwaz, whence also Old English geolu.

Adjective

gelo

yellow

Declension

Declension of gelo

Strong declension
gender	masculine		neuter		feminine
case	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	gelo	gelwe	gelo	gelwu	gelo	gelwe
accusative	gelwana	gelwe	gelo	gelwu	gelwa	gelwe
genitive	gelwes	gelwarō	gelwes	gelwarō	gelwaro	gelwarō
dative	gelwumu	gelwum	gelwumu	gelwum	gelwaro	gelwum

Weak declension
gender	masculine		neuter		feminine
case	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	gelwo	gelwu	gelwa	gelwu	gelwa	gelwu
accusative	gelwun	gelwun	gelwa	gelwun	gelwun	gelwun
genitive	gelwun	gelwonō	gelwun	gelwonō	gelwun	gelwonō
dative	gelwun	gelwum	gelwun	gelwum	gelwun	gelwum

Descendants

Middle Low German: gēl
- Low German:
  - German Low German:
    Hamburgisch: geel
  - Westphalian:
    Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: gial
    
    Sauerländisch: giäl, geal, gail, gēäl
    
    Westmünsterländisch: gääl, geel, gell
- Plautdietsch: jäl

Portuguese

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese gelo, borrowed from Latin gelū, from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”). Displaced the inherited Old Portuguese geo.

Alternative forms

gêlo (obsolete)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈʒe.lu/

Hyphenation: ge‧lo

Noun

gelo m (plural gelos)

(uncountable) ice (frozen water)
a cube or chunk of ice
(informal) coldness; cold (low temperature)
Synonym: frio
(figurative) chill (a sudden sense of fear or anxiety)
(figurative) coldness (lack of emotion)
Synonym: frieza
(figurative) a very cool place

Derived terms

gelinho (diminutive), gelozinho (diminutive)
gelo seco

Related terms

Descendants

Guinea-Bissau Creole: djelu
Kabuverdianu: gelu

Adjective

gelo (invariable)

whose colour is a shade of white like that of ice

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈʒɛ.lu/

Hyphenation: ge‧lo

Verb

gelo

first-person singular present indicative of gelar

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