circuler
French
Etymology
Borrowed from Late Latin circulāre, post-Augustan form of circulor. Compare cercler, possibly an inherited doublet.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /siʁ.ky.le/
Audio (file)
Conjugation
Conjugation of circuler (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | circuler | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | circulant /siʁ.ky.lɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | circulé /siʁ.ky.le/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | circule /siʁ.kyl/ |
circules /siʁ.kyl/ |
circule /siʁ.kyl/ |
circulons /siʁ.ky.lɔ̃/ |
circulez /siʁ.ky.le/ |
circulent /siʁ.kyl/ |
| imperfect | circulais /siʁ.ky.lɛ/ |
circulais /siʁ.ky.lɛ/ |
circulait /siʁ.ky.lɛ/ |
circulions /siʁ.ky.ljɔ̃/ |
circuliez /siʁ.ky.lje/ |
circulaient /siʁ.ky.lɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | circulai /siʁ.ky.le/ |
circulas /siʁ.ky.la/ |
circula /siʁ.ky.la/ |
circulâmes /siʁ.ky.lam/ |
circulâtes /siʁ.ky.lat/ |
circulèrent /siʁ.ky.lɛʁ/ | |
| future | circulerai /siʁ.kyl.ʁe/ |
circuleras /siʁ.kyl.ʁa/ |
circulera /siʁ.kyl.ʁa/ |
circulerons /siʁ.kyl.ʁɔ̃/ |
circulerez /siʁ.kyl.ʁe/ |
circuleront /siʁ.kyl.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | circulerais /siʁ.kyl.ʁɛ/ |
circulerais /siʁ.kyl.ʁɛ/ |
circulerait /siʁ.kyl.ʁɛ/ |
circulerions /siʁ.ky.lə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
circuleriez /siʁ.ky.lə.ʁje/ |
circuleraient /siʁ.kyl.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | circule /siʁ.kyl/ |
circules /siʁ.kyl/ |
circule /siʁ.kyl/ |
circulions /siʁ.ky.ljɔ̃/ |
circuliez /siʁ.ky.lje/ |
circulent /siʁ.kyl/ |
| imperfect2 | circulasse /siʁ.ky.las/ |
circulasses /siʁ.ky.las/ |
circulât /siʁ.ky.la/ |
circulassions /siʁ.ky.la.sjɔ̃/ |
circulassiez /siʁ.ky.la.sje/ |
circulassent /siʁ.ky.las/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | circule /siʁ.kyl/ |
— | circulons /siʁ.ky.lɔ̃/ |
circulez /siʁ.ky.le/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Related terms
Further reading
- “circuler”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Latin
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