calculus

• Borrowed from Latin calculus (“a pebble or stone used as reckoning counters in abacus”),[1] diminutive of calx (“limestone”) + -ulus.[2]
• Mathematical topic is from differential calculus.

• (UK) IPA^(key): /ˈkæl.kjʊ.ləs/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈkæl.kjə.ləs/

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calculus (countable and uncountable, plural calculi or calculuses)

1. (dated, countable) Calculation; computation.
2. (countable, mathematics) Any formal system in which symbolic expressions are manipulated according to fixed rules.

   lambda calculus

   predicate calculus

3. (uncountable, often definite, the calculus) Differential calculus and integral calculus considered as a single subject; analysis.
4. (countable, medicine) A stony concretion that forms in a bodily organ.

   Synonym: stone

   Hyponyms: kidney stone, nephrolith, gallstone, cholelith, sialolith, urolith

   • 2015, Jaime Samour, Avian Medicine, page 297:

     Commonly indicated for treatment of sour crop (Fig. 11-11, A), an ingluviotomy is done to retrieve crop calculi, ingluvioliths, or foreign bodies (which are not accessible per os) or to retrieve proventricular or ventricular foreign bodies (using micromagnets [glued in place within plastic tubes], lavage, or endoscopy) and for the placement of an ingluviotomy or proventriculotomy tube or the collection of crop wall biopsies.

5. (uncountable, dentistry) Deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth.
6. (countable) A decision-making method, especially one appropriate for a specialised realm.
   • 2008 December 16, “Cameron calls for bankers’ ‘day of reckoning’”, in Financial Times:

     The Tory leader refused to state how many financiers he thought should end up in jail, saying: “There is not some simple calculus."

• (calculation, computation): ciphering, reckoning; see also Thesaurus:calculation
• (in analysis): infinitesimal calculus
• (in medicine): stone
• (in dentistry): dental calculus, tartar

• calcify
• calcium
• calculate

• algebra
• analysis
• concretion

• “calculus”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.

From calx, calcis (“limestone, game counter”) +‎ -ulus (diminutive suffix).

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkal.ku.lus/, [ˈkäɫ̪kʊɫ̪ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈkal.ku.lus/, [ˈkälkulus]

calculus m (genitive calculī); second declension

1. diminutive of calx
2. pebble, stone
3. reckoning, calculating, calculation
4. a piece in the latrunculi game

Second-declension noun.

• calculārius
• calculensis
• calculō
• calculōsus

• → Catalan: càlcul
• → English: calculus
• → French: calcul
  • → German: Kalkül
    • → Czech: kalkul
  • → Romanian: calcul
  • → Swedish: kalkyl
• → Gallurese: calculu
• → Georgian: კალკულუსი (ḳalḳulusi)
• → Hungarian: kalkulus
• → Irish: calcalas
• → Italian: calcolo
• → Portuguese: cálculo
• → Sardinian: calculu, càrculu
• → Sassarese: càlcuru
• → Spanish: cálculo
• → Welsh: calcwlws
• → Yiddish: קאַלקולוס (kalkulus)

• “calculus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “calculus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• calculus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• calculus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to go through accounts, make a valuation of a thing: ad calculos vocare aliquid (Amic. 16. 58)