adágathar
Old Irish
FWOTD – 13 May 2017
Alternative forms
- ad·ágadar, ad·áigethar
Etymology
From ad- + Proto-Celtic *āgītor, originally a perfect-only verb *āgetor (“to have become afraid”) and later adapted to the weak conjugation (class A II). From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂ógʰe (“to be upset, afraid”), from *h₂egʰ-.[1] Compare Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (agis), 𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ōgan); Old English eġe; Ancient Greek ἄχος (ákhos, “pain, grief”), ἄχνυμαι (ákhnumai, “I grieve”).
That the Old Irish verb was originally an i-stem (A II) verb, is revealed by the older forms with -áig-. It later became an a-stem (A I) with -ág- throughout the paradigm.[2]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /aðˈaːɣaθar/, /aðˈaːɣaðar/
Conjugation
Complex, class A II present, s preterite, f future, a and s subjunctive, deponent
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive sg. | Passive pl. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present indicative | Deut. | ad·águr | ad·ágathar, ad·ágadar, ad·áigethar | ad·ágammar | ad·áigetar | ad·áigther | |||
| Prot. | ·águr, ·ágor | ·ágathar, ·áigethar, ·ágether | ·ágammar | ·ágetar, ·áigetar | ·áigther | ·áigter | |||
| Imperfect indicative | Deut. | ad·ágain, ad·ágainn | |||||||
| Prot. | ·ágainn | ·áigtis | |||||||
| Preterite | Deut. | ad·ágastar, ad·áigestar, ad·áig | ad·áigsem | ||||||
| Prot. | ·ágastar, ·áigestar, ·áig | ·áigset, ·áigsetar | |||||||
| Perfect | Deut. | ad·ráigestar | ad·ráigsemmar | ad·ráigset, ad·ráigsetar, ad·ráichsetar | |||||
| Prot. | ·ráigestar | ·ráigsemmar | ·ráigset, ·ráigsetar | ||||||
| Future | Deut. | ad·áichfer | ad·áichfethar, ad·áichfedar | ||||||
| Prot. | ·áichfer | ·áichfethar | ·áichfetar | ||||||
| Conditional | Deut. | ||||||||
| Prot. | ·áichfimis | ||||||||
| Present subjunctive | Deut. | ad·áigther | |||||||
| Prot. | ·áigther, ·áigder, ·áigither; ·ágais | ·ágathar | ·áigset | ||||||
| Past subjunctive | Deut. | ad·ágainn | |||||||
| Prot. | ·ágainn; ·áigsinn, ·ágsainn | ·ágsad | ·áigthe | ||||||
| Imperative | áigthe, áig | ágam, ágamar | ágatar | ||||||
| Verbal noun | áigthiu, áigsiu | ||||||||
| Past participle | |||||||||
| Verbal of necessity | |||||||||
Related terms
- ágasta, áigesta (“to be feared, fearful, dreadful”)
- áigsech, áigthech (“terrifying, dreadful”)
Mutation
| Old Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
| ad·ágathar | unchanged | ad·n-ágathar |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
References
- Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “*āg-/*āg-”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 206
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 553, page 358
Further reading
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “ad·ágathar”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
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