Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/skuldru

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Unknown; perhaps related to *skeldu (“shield”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split”).

Noun

*skuldru m[1]

shoulder
Synonym: *ahslu, *bōgu

Declension

ō-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*skuldru
Genitive	*skuldrā
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*skuldru	*skuldrō
Accusative	*skuldrā	*skuldrā
Genitive	*skuldrā	*skuldrō
Dative	*skuldrē	skuldrōm, skuldrum
Instrumental	*skuldru	skuldrōm, skuldrum

Derived terms

*skuldrublad

Descendants

Old English: sċuldra, sċuldor, sċuldru
- Middle English: schuldre, sholder, shulder, schulder, scholder, ssoldre, ssuldre, scholdur, sculdre, schuldyr, sholdre, schuldir
  - English: shoulder
  - Scots: schulder, schoulder, schouldir, schuder
  - Yola: shuller
Old Frisian: skuldere
- Saterland Frisian: Schullere, Skullere (<? Low German)
- West Frisian: skouder
Old Saxon: *skuldro
- Middle Low German: scholder
  - Low German: Schuller
  - Plautdietsch: Schulla
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: skulder
  - → Norwegian Nynorsk: skulder
  - → Swedish: skuldra
  - → Danish: skulder
  - → Gutnish: skuldre, skuldrå
Old Dutch: *sculdero
- Middle Dutch: schoudere
  - Dutch: schouder
  - Limburgish: sjouwer
Old High German: scultera, scultra
- Middle High German: schulter, schulder
  - Central Franconian: Scholder
  - Bavarian: Schuiter, Schulter
  - German: Schulter
  - Luxembourgish: Schëller
  - → Esperanto: ŝultro

References

Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 127: “*skuldru ‘shoulder’”

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[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 127: “*skuldru ‘shoulder’”