Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/skaft

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *skaftaz.

Noun

*skaft m[1]

shaft

Inflection

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*skaft
Genitive	*skaftas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*skaft	skaftō, skaftōs
Accusative	*skaft	*skaftā
Genitive	*skaftas	*skaftō
Dative	*skaftē	*skaftum
Instrumental	*skaftu	*skaftum

Descendants

Old English: sċeaft
- Middle English: schaft, scæft, scaft, shaft, sschaft, scheft, sheft, shafft, schafft, chafte, saft, shaffet, schafte, shafte
  - English: shaft
  - Scots: schaft, shaft
Old Frisian: skeft
- Saterland Frisian: Schacht, Skacht
- West Frisian: skaft
Old Saxon: skaft
- Middle Low German: schacht, scacht
  - Dutch Low Saxon: schacht
  - German Low German:
    Altmärkisch: Low German: Schecht, Schefft
    Westphalian:
    Dortmunder, Ravensbergisch, Westmünsterländisch: Schacht
    Dortmunder, Westmünsterländisch: Schaft
    Westmünsterländisch: Schach
  - Plautdietsch: Scheft, Schajcht
  - → Middle High German: schacht
    - Alemannic German: Schacht
    - German: Schacht
    - → Belarusian: шахта (šaxta)
    - → Czech: šachta
    - → Danish: skakt
    - → Esperanto: ŝakto
    - → Estonian: šaht
    - → Polish: szacht
      - → Russian: ша́хта (šáxta)
        → Kazakh: шахта (şaxta)
    - → Serbo-Croatian: šȁht
    - → Swedish: schakt
    - → Ukrainian: шахта (šaxta)
Old Dutch: skaft
- Middle Dutch: schacht, schaft
  - Dutch: schacht, schaft (archaic)
    - Afrikaans: skag
Old High German: skaft
- Middle High German: schaft
  - German: Schaft

References

Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 216: “PWGmc *skaft”

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[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 216: “PWGmc *skaft”