Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/pipar

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin piper.

Noun

*pipar n

pepper

Inflection

Neuter a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*pipar
Genitive	*piparas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*pipar	*piparu
Accusative	*pipar	*piparu
Genitive	*piparas	*piparō
Dative	*piparē	*piparum
Instrumental	*piparu	*piparum

Alternative reconstructions

*piper,[1] pipr

Descendants

Old English: pipor, piper
- Middle English: peper
  - English: pepper (see there for further descendants)
  - Scots: peper, pepar, pepir
  - Yola: pipper
Old Frisian: piper
- North Frisian: pöber
- Saterland Frisian: Pieper
- West Frisian: piper
Old Saxon: *pipar
- Middle Low German: pēper, pepper, pipper, pöpper
  - German Low German: Peper
- → Old Norse: piparr, pipari
  - Icelandic: pipar
  - Faroese: pipar
  - Norwegian:
    Norwegian Nynorsk: pepar
  - Old Swedish: pipar, pepar
    - Swedish: peppar
    - → Finnish: pippuri
      - → Northern Sami: bihppor
      - → Kildin Sami: пеһпарь (p’ehpar’)
  - Old Danish: pipær
    - Danish: peber
  - Elfdalian: pipär
  - → Estonian: pipar
  - → Latvian: pipars
Old Dutch: *pipar, *pepar
- Middle Dutch: peper
  - Dutch: peper
    - Afrikaans: peper
    - Negerhollands: pepper
    - → Aukan: pepee
    - → Munsee: piipel
    - → Papiamentu: peper
    - → Saramaccan: pepè
    - → Unami: pèpël
  - Limburgish: paeper
Old High German: pfeffar, pfeffur
- Middle High German: pfeffer
  - Cimbrian: fèffar
  - German: Pfeffer
  - Hunsrik: Peffer
  - Luxembourgish: Peffer
  - Pennsylvania German: Peffer
  - Yiddish: פֿעפֿער (fefer)

References

Miller, D. Gary (2012 June 13) “Early loanwords from Latin and Greek”, in External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, § 4.5, page 72: “WGmc. *piper”.

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[1] Miller, D. Gary (2012 June 13) “Early loanwords from Latin and Greek”, in External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, § 4.5, page 72: “WGmc. *piper”.