< Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/grulljan
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This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-West Germanic
Etymology
Unknown; presumably related to *gralljan (“to shout at, antagonize”).
Inflection
| Class 1 weak | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | *grulljan | |
| 1st sg. past | *gruldā | |
| Infinitive | *grulljan | |
| Genitive infin. | *grulljannjas | |
| Dative infin. | *grulljannjē | |
| Instrum. infin. | *grulljannju | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *grullju | *gruldā |
| 2nd singular | *grulisi | *gruldēs, *gruldōs |
| 3rd singular | *gruliþi | *gruldē, *gruldā |
| 1st plural | *grulljum | *gruldum |
| 2nd plural | *gruliþ | *gruldud |
| 3rd plural | *grulljanþ | *gruldun |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *grulljē | *gruldī |
| 2nd singular | *grulljēs | *gruldī |
| 3rd singular | *grulljē | *gruldī |
| 1st plural | *grulljēm | *gruldīm |
| 2nd plural | *grulljēþ | *gruldīd |
| 3rd plural | *grulljēn | *gruldīn |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | *gruli | |
| Plural | *gruliþ | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | *grulljandī | *gruld |
Derived terms
Descendants
- Old English: gryllan
- Old Saxon: *grullian
- Middle Low German: grullen, grüllen
- German Low German: grullen
- Middle Low German: grullen, grüllen
- Old Dutch: *grullen
- Old High German: *grullen
- → Old French: grouller
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