Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/arbaiþi

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *arbaiþiz, *arbaidiz.

Noun

*arbaiþi f[1]

hardship

Inflection

i-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*arbaiþi
Genitive	*arbidī
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*arbaiþi	*arbaiþī
Accusative	*arbaiþi	*arbaiþī
Genitive	*arbidī	*arbidijō
Dative	*arbidī	arbidim, arbidijum
Instrumental	*arbidī	arbidim, arbidijum

Descendants

Old English: earfoþe, earfeþe, earfod
- Middle English: arveð
Old Frisian: arbēd
- Saterland Frisian: Oarbaid
- West Frisian: arbeid
Old Saxon: arvēd, arƀed, arvid
- Middle Low German: arbet, arbeit, arvêd, arveid
  - German Low German: Arbeid, Arbeit
  - → Icelandic: arbeiði, arbeið
  - → Faroese: arbeiði
  - → Norwegian: arbeid
  - → Old Swedish: arbeide, arbeyd, arbede, arbeyte, arbeyt, arbete, ærbete, arbet
    - Swedish: arbete
  - → Danish: arbejde
Old Dutch: aruith, aruit, arbeit
- Middle Dutch: arbeit
  - Dutch: arbeid
    - Afrikaans: arbeid
  - Limburgish: arbeid
Old High German: arbeit, arabeit
- Middle High German: arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit
  - Bavarian:
    Cimbrian: arbat, èrbot
    
    Mòcheno: òrbet
  - Hunsrik: Aarvet
  - Upper Saxon German: Orbeid
  - German: Arbeit
    - → Japanese: アルバイト (arubaito, “part-time job”), バイト (baito)
    - → Korean: 아르바이트 (areubaiteu)
  - Luxembourgish: Aarbecht
  - Rhine Franconian:
    Hessian: Abeit
    
    Pennsylvania German: Arewet
  - Yiddish: אַרבעט (arbet)

References

Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 171: “PWGmc *arbaiþi”

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[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 171: “PWGmc *arbaiþi”