< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kạyïr

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Tungusic *xońi (“sand; dirt”), whence Even [script needed] (ońịŋ, “sand; dirt”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*kạyïr

  1. salt steppe
  2. sandbank
  3. gravel
  4. sand
    Synonym: *kum

Declension
Declension of *kạyïr
Singular 3)
Nominative *kạyïr
Accusative *kạyïrnï, *kạyïrïg 4), *kạyïrnïg 1)
Genitive *kạyïrnïŋ
Dative *kạyïrka
Locative *kạyïrta
Ablative *kạyïrtan
Allative *kạyïrgaru
Instrumental 2) *kạyïrïn
Equative 2) *kạyïrča
Similative 2) *kạyïrlayu
Comitative 2) *kạyïrlïgu
1) Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
2) The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
4) Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants
  • Oghur:
    • Chuvash: хӑйӑр (hăjăr, “sand”)
  • Oghuz:
    • West Oghuz:
      • Old Anatolian Turkish:
        • Azerbaijani: qayır, qayraq
        • Ottoman Turkish: قاير (kayır)
          • Turkish: kayır (“sand”)
    • East Oghuz:
      • Turkmen: gaýyr (“gravel; sand”)
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid: [script needed] (qayır, “salt steppe; sand”)
      • Uzbek: qayir (“gravel”)
  • Kipchak:
    • West Kipchak:
      • Kumyk: къайыр (qayır, “gravel”)
    • South Kipchak:
      • Karakalpak: қайыр (qayır, “sandbank”)
      • Kazakh: қайыр (qaiyr, “sandbank”)
      • Nogai: къайыр (k”ayır, “sand”)
    • East Kipchak:
      • Southern Altai: кайыр (kayïr, “salt marsh”)
  • Siberian:
    • North Siberian:
      • ⇒ Yakut: хайыр таас (qayır taas, “gravel”)
    • South Siberian:
      • Sayan Turkic:
        • Tuvan: хайыр (xayır, “salt steppe”)

References
  • Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*kạyïr”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, pages 221-222
  • Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 678
  • Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 5, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, pages 206, 217
  • Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 97
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