< Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/m-sin

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology
  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *msyin (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m-sin (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972; French, 1983; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *m-sin (*B) (Coblin, 1986)

Root

*m-sin

  1. liver
  2. bitter
  3. bile

Descendants
  • Old Chinese: 辛 (xīn) /*sin/ (B-S), /*siŋ/ (ZS) ("pungent (in taste)")
    • Middle Chinese: 辛 (xīn) /siɪn/
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5=sin
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**:

→ Japanese: 辛 (しん, ​shin)
Korean: 신 (辛, sin)
Vietnamese: tân (辛)

      • Modern Mandarin
        • Beijing: 辛 (xīn) (xīn, /ɕin⁵⁵/)
  • Kamarupan
    • Kuki-Chin
      /*thin/ (VanBik, 2009)
      • Northern Chin
        • Tedim: sʻɪn⁴
        • Sizang chin
      • Central Chin
        • Lushai [Mizo]: thin (“liver; heart”)
        • Lai: thǐn
        • Falam Chin: tʻɪn⁴
      • Southern Chin
        • Chinbon Chin: m̩tʰiːn
        • Daai Chin: m̩tʰin
        • Nga La: n̩tʰin
      • Maraic
        • Zotung Chin: tʻĩ¹
    • Naga
      • Central Naga:
        • Ao: məsən
        • Lotha Naga: nthen
        • Sangtam: müsi
      • Western Naga (Zemeic):
        • Zeme: ³mi ¹n ⁵ceu
        • Rongmei: məi thìn
      • Tangkhulic
        • Tangkhul: amathin
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Bodic
        • Tibetan
          • Written Tibetan: མཆིན (mchin, “liver”), མཆིན་པ (mchin pa, “liver; midriff, diaphragm”)
      • Western Himalayish
        • Bunan: chinpa
        • Chaudangsi: tɕiŋ
        • Kanauri: śin
        • Rongpo: chinpa
      • Tamangish
        • Manang: cin² ba²
    • Newar
    • Kham-Magar-Chepang
      • Chepang: sinʱ
      • Kham: 'sen
  • Tangut-Qiang
    • Tangut: 𗮰 (*sji²)
    • Qiangic
      • Ersu: ntshɑ⁵⁵
      • Pumi
        • Northern Pumi: tsu³⁵
        • Southern Pumi: tsyɛ̃⁵⁵
      • Qiang
        • Northern Qiang: si
        • Southern Qiang: sie⁵⁵
      • Queyu: ze¹³
      • Zhaba sei³³
      • Naic
        • Namuyi: si⁵⁵
        • Shixing: suə̃⁵⁵
        • Naxi: serl
      • Gyalrong
        • Japhug: tɯ-mtshi
  • Nungic
    • Anong: bɯ³¹ ɕin⁵⁵
    • Drung: pɯ³¹ ɕin⁵⁵
    • Rawang: mə ʃɯn³³
  • Jingpho-Asakian
    • Jingpho
      • Jingpho [Kachin]: sin (“liver”), masin (“heart, mind”)
    • Asakian
      • Sak: áŋsiŋ
      • Ganan: ăsʻɛ̃¹
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
    • Lolo-Burmese
      *sin¹ ⪤ tsin¹ (Matisoff, 2003)
      • Burmish
      • Loloish
        /*(ʃ)-sin²/ (Bradley, 1979)
        • Northern Loloish
          • Yi (Liangshan): ꌌ (sip, “liver”)
          • Xishanba Lalo: sì-tsé
          • Nasu: sɿ⁵⁵
          • Wumeng: ʂer²¹
          • Nusu: sʰɐ⁵⁵
        • Central Loloish
          • Lisu (Southern): ꓢꓲꓽ (sɨ̀, “liver”), sometimes also ꓫꓵꓽ (ʃɨ̀, “liver”)
          • Lipo: sɿ²¹ tha²¹
          • Sani: sé
          • Jinuo: tsʰɯ³¹ na³¹
          • Kucong: a³¹ sɔ³⁵
          • Lahu: ɔ³¹ sɛ³¹
          • Lisu: si³¹
        • Southern Loloish
          • Bisu: aŋ tshiŋ
          • Hani: tshɔ³¹
          • Mpi: ʔɑ² thɯ²
          • Phunoi: ʔã́ sìn
          • Pyen: ʔa³³ chin³¹
          • Gong: ho̩ŋ sɤ̩́ŋ
        • Southeastern Loloish
          • Azha: i³³ sɛ²²
          • Southern Muji: ɛ²¹ χa⁵⁵ ʨʰi²¹
  • Proto-Karen: *swɨnᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
    • S'gaw Karen: သူၣ် (thoò, “liver”)
    • Western Kayah: ꤞꤣ꤭ (thōe, “liver”)
    • Northern Pwo: sɑ̃³³
    • Eastern Pwo: ə̆ θə̃¹
    • Western Pwo: ə̆ θə̃⁴

See also
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