Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/pay-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*pay- m

mouth

Inflection

Declension of *pay-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*payum

*payāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*payim

*payayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*payam

possessive forms

1st person

*payī / *payVya

—

*payVni

2nd person m

*payVka

*payVkumā / *payVkumay

*payVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*payVki

*payVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*payVšu

*payVšumā / *payVšumay

*payVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*payVša

*payVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *payuya for nom. case, *payiya for gen. case, *payaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *pay-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*payuka	*payāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*payika	*payayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*payaka	*payayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *pay-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*payuki	*payāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*payiki	*payayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*payaki	*payayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒅗 (pûm)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: فَم (fam)
    - Maltese: fomm
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      Imperial Aramaic: 𐡐𐡌 (pm)
      
      Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: פִּימָא (pemā)
      
      Christian Palestinian Aramaic: ܦܝܡܐ (pemā)
      
      Nabataean Aramaic: 𐢘𐢒 / 𐢘𐢈𐢒 (𐢘𐢒 / 𐢘𐢈𐢒 /⁠pūm⁠/)
      
      Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: פּוּמָא (pumā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܦܾ݁ܘܡܳܐ (pumā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: פֶּה (pe, pê)
      - Phoenician: 𐤐 (p /⁠pi⁠/)
        → Ancient Greek: πεῖ (peî)
        → English: pi
    - Ugaritic: 𐎔 (p /⁠pū⁠/)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Old South Arabian: 𐩰 (f)
- Ethiopian Semitic: *ʾaf-
  - Amharic: አፍ (ʾäf)
  - Argobba: አፍ (ʾäf)
  - Ge'ez: አፍ (ʾäf)
  - Gurage: አፍ (ʾäf)
  - Harari: አፍ (ʾäf)
  - Tigre: አፍ (ʾäf)
  - Tigrinya: አፍ (ʾäf)

References

Nöldeke, Theodor (1910) Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft‎ (in German), Straßburg: Karl J. Trübner, pages 171–178
Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, pages 221–222

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