< Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic

Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/kinnār-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from Proto-Hurro-Urartian *kinnar (lyre), if not the other way around. Compare Hurrian 𒇽𒆠𒅔𒈾𒊒𒄷𒇷 (ki-in-na-ru-ḫu-li /⁠kinnaruḫuli⁠/, musician).[1]

Noun

*kinnār- m or f[2]

  1. lyre, harp

Reconstruction notes

As a cultural item whose East Semitic reflexes may in fact be loans, this word's reconstruction to the level of Proto-Semitic is uncertain.

Inflection

Masculine:

Femenine:

Descendants

  • East Semitic:
    • Neo-Babylonian: 𒆠𒅔𒈾𒊒 (kinnārum) (potentially loaned from W. Sem.)
    • Eblaite: 𒄀𒈾𒂗𒌝 (gi-na-ru₁₂-um), 𒄀𒈾𒊒 (gi-na-rúm /⁠kinnāru(m)⁠/)
  • West Semitic:
    • Central Semitic:
      • Arabic: كِنَّارَة (kinnāra)
      • Northwest Semitic:
        • Aramaic:
          Old Aramaic: 𐡊𐡍𐡓 (knr)
          Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כִינָרָא (kīnārā)
          Jewish Literary Aramaic: כִינָרָא (kīnārā)
          • Mandaic: ࡊࡉࡍࡀࡓ (kinar), ࡊࡉࡍࡀࡓࡀ (kinara)
          • Classical Syriac: ܟܷ݁ܢܴ݁ܪܳܐ (kennārā), ܟܐܢܪܐ (kennārā)
            • Old Armenian: քնար (kʻnar)
            • Middle Persian:
              Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (knʾl /⁠kennār⁠/)
            • Sanskrit: किंनरा (kiṃnarā), किन्नर (kinnara, deity of divine music; divinized lyre)
        • Canaanite:
        • Ugaritic: 𐎋𐎐𐎗 (knr /⁠kinnāru⁠/), 𒀭𒄑𒆠𒈾𒀸 (dGIŠ ki-na-ru3 /⁠kinnāru; deity of the lyre⁠/)
    • Ethiopian Semitic:
      • Amharic: ክራር (krar), ከራር (kärar)
      • Ge'ez: ከሰረ (kissari)
  • ? Khotanese: [script needed] (tcaṃgiḍai, stringed instrument)
  • ? Parthian:
    Manichaean script: 𐫢𐫗𐫗𐫃 (šnng /⁠šang⁠/)
  • ? Middle Persian: (harp, lyre) (or ← Middle Chinese (chˠɛŋ, zither)[3])
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (cng /⁠čang⁠/)
  • ? Sogdian: (harp, lyre) (or ← Turkic *čingar,[4] though unattested)
    Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫏𐫗𐫃𐫡𐫏𐫀 (cyngryʾ), 𐫝𐫗𐫃𐫡𐫏𐫀 (cngryʾ /⁠čingaryā, čangaryā⁠/)

References

  1. Noonan, Benjamin J. (2019) Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible: A Lexicon of Language Contact (Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic; 14), University Park, Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns, →ISBN
  2. Harry A., Hoffner Jr., Melchert, H. Craig (2008) A Grammar of the Hittite Language, volume Part 1: Reference Grammar, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, page 57
  3. Laufer, Berthold (1919) Sino-Iranica: Chinese contributions to the history of civilization in ancient Iran, with special reference to the history of cultivated plants and products (Fieldiana, Anthropology; 15), volume 3, Chicago: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, page 565
  4. Gharib, B. (1995) “cyngryʾ”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 132
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