< Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic

Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/yad-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*yad- f

hand

Inflection

Declension of *yad-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*yadum

*yadāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*yadim

*yadayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*yadam

possessive forms

1st person

*yadī / *yadVya

—

*yadVni

2nd person m

*yadVka

*yadVkumā / *yadVkumay

*yadVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*yadVki

*yadVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*yadVšu

*yadVšumā / *yadVšumay

*yadVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*yadVša

*yadVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *yaduya for nom. case, *yadiya for gen. case, *yadaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *yad-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*yaduka	*yadāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*yadika	*yadayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*yadaka	*yadayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *yad-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*yaduki	*yadāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*yadiki	*yadayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*yadaki	*yadayki	plural stem + *-īki

Declension of *yad-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*yadum

*yadāna

*yadātum

Genitive

*yadim

*yadayna

*yadātim

Accusative

*yadam

possessive forms

1st person

*yadī / *yadVya

—

*yadVni

2nd person m

*yadVka

*yadVkumā / *yadVkumay

*yadVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*yadVki

*yadVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*yadVšu

*yadVšumā / *yadVšumay

*yadVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*yadVša

*yadVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *yaduya for nom. case, *yadiya for gen. case, *yadaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *yad-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*yaduka	*yadāka	*yadātuka
Genitive	*yadika	*yadayka	*yadātika
Accusative	*yadaka	*yadayka	*yadātika

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *yad-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*yaduki	*yadāki	*yadātuki
Genitive	*yadiki	*yadayki	*yadātiki
Accusative	*yadaki	*yadayki	*yadātiki

Reconstruction notes

The stem *ʔid- appears in multiple branches, raising the question of whether the usual reconstruction is maximally parsimonious.

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒀉 (idum, “arm”)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: يَد (yad)
    - Egyptian Arabic: ايد (īd)
    - Gulf Arabic: ايد (īd)
    - Maltese: id, jedd
    - Moroccan Arabic: يد (yadd, yidd), ايد (ʔīd)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: יְדָא (yəḏā), יַד (yaḏ)
      - Classical Syriac: ܐܺܝܕܳܐ (ʾīḏā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: יָד (yad, yāḏ)
      - Phoenician: 𐤉𐤃 (yd)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎊𐎄 (yd /⁠yadu⁠/)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Minaean: 𐩺𐩵 (yd)
    - Old South Arabian: 𐩺𐩵 (yd)
    - Qatabanian: 𐩺𐩵 (yd)
    - Sabaean: 𐩺𐩵 (yd)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Amharic: እጅ (ʾəǧǧ)
  - Ge'ez: እድ (ʾəd)
  - Tigre: እዴ (ʾəde)
  - Tigrinya: ኢድ (ʾid)
- Modern South Arabian:
  - Soqotri: أأد (ə́ʔəd)

References

Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
Huehnergard, John (2019) “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN

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