Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔayyal-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ʔayyal- m

stag, hart

Inflection

Declension of *ʔayyal-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*ʔayyalum

*ʔayyalāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*ʔayyalim

*ʔayyalayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*ʔayyalam

possessive forms

1st person

*ʔayyalī / *ʔayyalVya

—

*ʔayyalVni

2nd person m

*ʔayyalVka

*ʔayyalVkumā / *ʔayyalVkumay

*ʔayyalVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*ʔayyalVki

*ʔayyalVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*ʔayyalVšu

*ʔayyalVšumā / *ʔayyalVšumay

*ʔayyalVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*ʔayyalVša

*ʔayyalVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔayyaluya for nom. case, *ʔayyaliya for gen. case, *ʔayyalaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔayyal-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔayyaluka	*ʔayyalāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*ʔayyalika	*ʔayyalayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*ʔayyalaka	*ʔayyalayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔayyal-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔayyaluki	*ʔayyalāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*ʔayyaliki	*ʔayyalayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*ʔayyalaki	*ʔayyalayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒁰𒈦 (ayyalum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: أُيَّل (ʔuyyal), أَيِّل (ʔayyil), إِيَّل (ʔiyyal), أَيَّل (ʔayyal)
    - Maltese: ajl (perhaps)
    - → Classical Persian: ایل (oyyal, “deer, stag”)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: איילה
      
      Christian Palestinian Aramaic: ܐܝܐܠܐ
      
      Jewish Literary Aramaic: אַיָּלָא (ʾayyālā), אַיָּילָא (ʾayyālā)
      
      Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אַיְילָא (ʾaylā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܐܰܝܠܳܐ (ʾaylā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: אַיָּל (ayál, ʾayyāl, “stag”), אַיִל (áyil, ʾáyil, “ram”)
      - Phoenician: 𐤀𐤉𐤋 (ʾyl /⁠ʾayl⁠/, “ram”)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎊𐎍 (ảyl /⁠ʾayyalu⁠/)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Old South Arabian: 𐩱𐩺𐩡 (ʾyl, “ibex”)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Ge'ez: ሀየል (häyyäl, “ibex”), ኀየል (ḫäyyäl)
→ Coptic: ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (eioul)
→ Old Armenian: անալութ (analutʻ)

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