Reconstruction:Proto-Nakh/ʕe

This Proto-Nakh entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

This Proto-Nakh entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Proto-Nakh

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Dutch linguist Peter Schrijver,[1] reconstructs the oblique stem *ʕanir- for the Chechen reflex (this is not confirmed by the Bats material). However, Uslar’s work[2] contains a form in the genitive singular ԧeнериң with -e- in the second syllable:

*ʕanariᶰ (assimilation 1) > *ʕaneriᶰ (assimilation 2) > *ʕäneriᶰ (reduction) > Chechen ӏаьнаран (ˀänaran);
*ʕanariᶰ (syncope) > *ʕanriᶰ > Bats ჺანრიჼ (ʿanrĩ).

And the nominative plural:

*ʕanariš (assimilation 1) > *ʕaneriš (assimilation 2) > *ʕäneriš (reduction) > Chechen ӏаьнарш (ˀänarš);
*ʕanariš (apocope 1) > *ʕanari (refraction or i-epenthesis) > *ʕanaⁱri (apocope 2) > Bats ჺანაჲრ (ʿanayr).

It follows from this that his reconstruction is incorrect.

Noun

*ʕe

steam

Descendants

Bats: ჺა (ʿa) (< oblique *ʕanar-)
Vainakh:
- Chechen: ӏаь (ˀä), ӏа (ˀa) (< oblique *ʕanar-)
- Ingush: ӏи (ˀi)

References

Nikolaev, Sergei L., Starostin, Sergei A. (1994) “*ʡe”, in A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary‎, Moscow: Asterisk Publishers

Schrijver, Peter (2021) “A history of the vowel systems of the Nakh languages (East Caucasian), with special reference to umlaut in Chechen and Ingush”, in Languages of the Caucasus‎, volume 5, →DOI, →ISSN, page 146: “*ʕi O *ʕanar-, *ʕanir-”
Uslar, Peter von (1888) Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание. II. Чеченский язык [Ethnography of the Caucasus. Linguistics. II. The Chechen language] (in Russian), Tiflis: Printing house of the Office of the Commander-in-Chief of the civil unit in the Caucasus, page 205: “ԧeнериң”

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[1] Schrijver, Peter (2021) “A history of the vowel systems of the Nakh languages (East Caucasian), with special reference to umlaut in Chechen and Ingush”, in Languages of the Caucasus‎, volume 5, →DOI, →ISSN, page 146: “*ʕi O *ʕanar-, *ʕanir-”

[2] Uslar, Peter von (1888) Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание. II. Чеченский язык [Ethnography of the Caucasus. Linguistics. II. The Chechen language] (in Russian), Tiflis: Printing house of the Office of the Commander-in-Chief of the civil unit in the Caucasus, page 205: “ԧeнериң”