< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dráwgah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰráwgʰas, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrówgʰos (“deception”).

Noun

*dráwgah n

  1. lie, deception
  2. untruth
  3. falsehood

Inflection
masculine a-stem
singular dual plural
nominative *dráwgah *dráwgā *dráwgā
vocative *dráwga *dráwgā *dráwgā
accusative *dráwgam *dráwgā *dráwgānh
instrumental *dráwgā *dráwgaybyaH *dráwgāyš
ablative *dráwgāt *dráwgaybyaH *dráwgaybyah
dative *dráwgāy *dráwgaybyaH *dráwgaybyah
genitive *dráwgahya *dráwgayāh *dráwgānam
locative *dráwgay *dráwgayaw *dráwgayšu

Derived terms
  • *dráwgah-māihkāh (“falsehood, lie”)
    • Sogdian: [Term?] (/⁠δrāγmā, žaγmā, žəγmā⁠/) [1]
      Sogdian script: [script needed] (δrγmh), [script needed] (δrγmʾ)
      Manichaean script: 𐫋𐫄𐫖𐫀 (jɣmʾ)
      Syriac script: ݍܮܡܐ (žγmʾ)
  • *dráwgah-māihikah (“false, lying”)
    • Bactrian: δρωγομιγο (drōgomigo /⁠drōgumīg⁠/) [2]
    • Parthian: (/⁠drōγmīg⁠/) [3]
      Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫃𐫖𐫏𐫃 (drwgmyg)
  • *dráwgah-wánts (“follower of falsehood”)
    • Old Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬆𐬔𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (drəguuaṇt, “follower of the Lie”) (Cf. Sanskrit द्रुह्वन् (druhvan))
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (druuaṇt)
    • Pashto: درغل (darγál, “false”) (> *dráwgwánt > *drágwád > *darγáδ)
    • Middle Persian: (/⁠druwand⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫗𐫅 (drwnd)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlwnd)
      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭫𐭥𐭭𐭣𐭩 (dlwndy)
      Pazend script: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬎𐬀𐬥𐬛 (daruand), 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬬𐬀𐬥𐬛 (darvand)
  • *dráwgah-ĵanah (“lier”)
    • Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬘𐬌𐬥𐬀 (draojina)
    • Parthian: [script needed] (*drwgcn /⁠drō(γ)žan⁠/)
      • → Old Armenian: դրուժան (družan)
      • → Classical Persian: دروغزن (durōγzan)
    • Old Persian: 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴 (d-r-u-j-n /⁠draujana⁠/)
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠drōzan⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫉𐫗 (drwzn)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlwcn')
        Pazend script: 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬲𐬀𐬥 (družan)
        • Classical Persian: دروزن (durōzan, “liar”)
          Judeo-Persian: דרוזנ (drwzn /⁠durōzan⁠/)

Descendants
  • Central Iranian:
    • Old Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬔𐬀 (druga)
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (draoγa)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Khotanese: [script needed] (drrūja, “falsehood”) [5]
    • Sodgo-Bactrian:
      • Bactrian: λρωγο (lrōgo /⁠lrōg⁠/), δδρωγο (ddrōgo /⁠δrōg⁠/) [6]
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: دروگ (dirúg)
    • Kurdish:
      Northern Kurdish: derew
      Central Kurdish: درۆ (diro, dro)
      Southern Kurdish: دروو (dirû, drû)
      Laki: دروو (dirû, drû)
    • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      • Caspian:
        • Gilaki: [script needed] (duroɣ) (May be from Classic Persian)
        • Old Mazanderani: درو (durō ~ dirō)
      • Old Median: *drauga
        • Talysh: (/⁠dorū⁠/)
          Arabic script: درو
          Latin script: doru
      • Parthian: (/⁠drōγ⁠/) [7]
        Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫃 (drwg)
        • → Classical Persian: دروغ (durōɣ)
          Dari: دروغ (durōɣ)
          Iranian Persian: دروغ (dorūɣ)
          Tajik: дурӯғ (durüġ)
          • → Mazanderani: درغ (dəroǧ)
          • → Pashto: دروغ (daróǧ, dëróǧ)
      • Zaza-Gorani:
        • Gurani: درۋێ (dirʋē)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥 (d-r-u-g /⁠drauga⁠/)
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠drō(g)⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇 (drw)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (KDBA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlwb')
        Pazend script: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬔 (darōg), 𐬛𐬭𐬋𐬔 (drōg)
        • Lurish:
          Northern Luri: درۊ (deru)
          Bakhtiari: درۊ (deru)
          Southern Luri: درۊ (deru)

References
  1. Gharib, B. (1995) “δrγmh”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 207
  2. Saloumeh Gholami (2009), "δρωγομιγο" in Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar, Göttingen.
  3. Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) “drwgmyg”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 170
  4. , Dehkhoda Dictionary.
  5. Bailey, H. W. (1979) “drrūja”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 188
  6. Saloumeh Gholami (2009), "δρωγομιγο" in Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar, Göttingen.
  7. Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) “drwg”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 170
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