< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/čášma

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *čáćšma, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷéḱ-s-mn̥, from *kʷeḱ-.

Noun

*čášma n[1]

  1. eye

Descendants
  • Central Iranian:
    • Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬥 (cašman)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Scythian: *cašma
      • Old Ossetic: *casm (“loop, noose”)
      • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *cašma (“eye”)
        • Khotanese: [script needed] (tcęimä)
        • Wakhi: č̣əẓ̌m
    • Sogdo-Bactrian:
      • Khwarezmian: څم (cm /⁠cam⁠/)
      • Sogdian: (/⁠čašm⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫢𐫖 (cšm)
        Sogdian script: 𐼿𐽁𐼺 (cšm)
        Syriac script: ܨܫܡ (cšm)
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
      • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (cām)
      • Sanglechi: [script needed] (cāṃ)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
      • Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
        • Munji: [script needed] (cam)
        • Yidgha: څم (cam), چم (čam)
      • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
        • Proto-Shughni-Roshani:
          • Sarikoli: cem
          • Shughni: цем (cēm), (Bartangi, Oroshori) цӣм (cīm), (Khufi) ца̄м (cām)
        • Yazghulami: ча̄м (čām)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: چم (čam)
    • Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: چاو (çaw)
      Northern Kurdish: çav
      Southern Kurdish: چاو (çaw), چەو (çew)
      Laki: چەم (çem)
    • Medo-Parthian:
      • Caspian:
      • Old Median: *čašma
        • Kermanic:
          • Yazdi: چم (čem)
          • Zoroastrian Dari: چم (čam)
        • Proto-Tatic:
          • Talysh: (/⁠čaš(m)⁠/)
            Arabic script: چش, چشم
            Latin script: çəş, çəşm
          • Old Tati:
            Old Azari: چشم (čušm, čašm)
            • Harzani: چش (čoš)
            • Karingani: چوش (čöš), چاش (čāš)
      • Parthian: 𐫝𐫢𐫖 (čšm /⁠čašm⁠/)
      • Zaza-Gurani:
        Gurani: چەم (čam)
        Zazaki: çım
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: 𐎨𐏁𐎠𐎶𐎴 (c-š-a-m-n /⁠cašman-⁠/)
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠čašm⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫢𐫖 (čšm)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (AYNE), [script needed] (čšm)
        Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀𐮈𐮌𐮇 (AYNH̠)
        • Lurish:
          Northern Luri: چٱش (čaš)
          Bakhtiari: چٱش (čaš)
        • Classical Persian: چشم (čašm)
          Dari: چشم (čašm)
          Iranian Persian: چشم (čašm, češm)
          Tajik: чашм (čašm)
          Tat: [script needed] (čÿm)
  • → Arabic: جَحْمَة f (jaḥma) (Yemen, obsolete)

References
  1. Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*čášman-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 238-241
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