< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ud-

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *úd (“out, outward”).

Prefix

*ud-[1]

  1. up, upwards, away, out of

Descendants
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ud-
  • Proto-Iranian: *uj-, *uc- (< *udᶻ-, *utˢ-, generalized from the position before dentals)
    • Central Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬎𐬯- (us-), 𐬎𐬰- (uz-)
        • → Iranian Persian: اس- (os-, “prefix as "ex-" in English”) (revived prefix)
    • Northeastern Iranian:
      • Proto-Scythian::
        • Proto-Ossetic::
          • Ossetian::
            Digor Ossetian: ӕс- (æs-), с- (s-)
            Iron Ossetian: ус- (us-), ис- (is-)
        • Proto-Saka-Wakhi::
          • Old Khotanese: 𑀉𑀬𑀲- (uyasa- /⁠uys-⁠/)
            Late Khotanese: 𑀅𑀬𑀲- (ayasa- /⁠ays-⁠/), 𑀇𑀬𑀲- (iyasa- /⁠iys-⁠/), 𑀏𑀬𑀲- (eyasa- /⁠eys-⁠/)
          • Wakhi: (/⁠zə-, zü-, z-⁠/)
            Arabic script: زو-, زوْ-, ز-
            Cyrillic script: зә- (zә-), зу- (zu-), з- (z-)
            Latin script: zə-, zü-, z-
      • Sogdo-Bactrian:
        • Bactrian: ασ- (as- /⁠as-, *əs-⁠/)
        • Khwarezmian: اس- (ʾs- /⁠*as-, *əs-⁠/), س- (s- /⁠*sə⁠/)
        • Sogdian: (/⁠əs-, s-, əz-, z-⁠/)
          Sogdian script: [script needed] (ʾs-), [script needed] (s-), [script needed] (ʾz-), [script needed] (z-)
          Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘- (ʾs-), 𐫘- (s-), 𐫀𐫉- (ʾz-), 𐫉- (z-)
          Syriac script: ܐܣ- (ʾs-), ܣ- (s-), ܐܙ- (ʾz-), ܙ- (z-)
    • Southeastern Iranian:
      • Yidgha: ز- (zə-)
    • Northwestern Iranian:
      • Kurdish: /zi-/
        Central Kurdish: ز- (zi- /⁠zi-⁠/)
        Northern Kurdish: zi-
        Southern Kurdish: ز- (zi- /⁠zi-⁠/)
      • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
        • Parthian: (/⁠iz-, is-⁠/)
          Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫉- (ʿz-), 𐫙𐫘- (ʿs-)
          • → Middle Persian: 𐫙𐫉- (ʿz- /⁠iz-⁠/) (in some verbs e.g., 𐫙𐫉𐫇𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫗 (ʿzwʾrdn /⁠izwārdan⁠/, “to show”))
            • Classical Persian: ز- (zi)
        • Zazaki: zi-, zu-
    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • Old Persian: 𐎢𐎿- (u-s- /⁠us-⁠/), 𐎢𐏀- (u-z- /⁠uz-⁠/), 𐎢𐎭- (u-d- /⁠ud-⁠/)
        • Middle Persian: (/⁠uz-⁠/)
          Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫇𐫉- (ʾwz-)
          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwz-), [Book Pahlavi needed] (tr=ʾwc-)
          Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭥𐭦- (ʾwz-)
          Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀𐮅𐮆- (ʾwz-), 𐮀𐮅𐮏- (ʾwc-)
          Pazend script: 𐬎𐬰- (uz-)
          • Classical Persian: ز- (zu-), آز- (āz-), از- (az-)
            Iranian Persian: ز- (zo-, “prefix as "ex-" in English”) (revived prefix)

References
  1. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “úd”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 214
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