< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tengʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extension of *ten- (“to stretch; to extend”).[1]

Root

*tengʰ-[2]

  1. to pull (back)[2]
  2. to be heavy, difficult[3]

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tengʰ-‎ (5 c, 0 e)
  • *téngʰ-t ~ tn̥gʰ-ént (root aorist)[2]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tengtei ~ *tingtei
      • Proto-Slavic: *tęťi pf (“to pull”)[4] (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tędzati impf (“to pull, to extract”)[5] (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgnǫti (“to pull”)[6] (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęgъ, *tęga (“traction, weight”) (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tǫgъ (“hard, strong”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *tḗngʰ-ti ~ téngʰ-n̥ti (narten-type root athematic present)[2]
    • Proto-Tocharian: *täṅk- (“to check, stop, hinder”)[7]
  • *tongʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)[2]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tangīˀtei
      • Proto-Slavic: *tǫžiti (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tʰanǰʰáyati[8]
      • Proto-Iranian: *θanǰáyati (“to pull; to weigh (down)”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *tn̥gʰ-eh₁(yé)-ti (eh₁-stative)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingēˀtei
      • Lithuanian: tingė́ti (“to be lazy”)[6]
      • Proto-Slavic: *tęžati (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžava (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *tn̥gʰ-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-fientive)[9]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: tìngti (“to become slow”)
  • *tn̥gʰ-yé-ti (yé-present)[2][9]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ting(je)tei
      • Proto-Slavic:
        • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *tęžestь (“weight”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *þungijaną (“to weigh down, make heavy”)[9]
      • Old Norse: þyngja (see there for further descendants)
  • *tengʰ-sleh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *þinhslō (see there for further descendants)
  • *téngʰ-u-s ~ *tn̥gʰ-éw-s (“heavy”)[9]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tingús[10]
      • Lithuanian: tingùs
      • Proto-Slavic: *tęžьkъ[10] (with irregular *-ž- spread from the comparative *tęžьjь) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *þunguz[9]
      • Old Norse: þungr (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tʰengʰ-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 657
  3. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*tengh-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 345
  4. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tęgti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 493
  5. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tędzati; *tęgati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 493
  6. Derksen, Rick (2015) “*tingėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 466
  7. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “*täṅk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 306
  8. Kümmel (2016) "Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische"
  9. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þungu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 551
  10. Derksen, Rick (2015) “*tingus”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 466-467
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