Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kakka-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Probably a Lallwort of imitative/expressive origin. Calvert Watkins claimed in particular: "imitative of glottal closure during defecation".

Root

*kakka-

to defecate

Derived terms

Category Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kakka- not found

*kak(k)-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kākā́ˀtei
  - East Baltic:
    - Latvian: kākāt, kakāt
    - Lithuanian: kakóti
  - Proto-Slavic: *kàkati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kakkajō
  - Ancient Greek: κᾰκκᾰ́ω (kakkáō) (see there for further descendants)[1]
- Proto-Italic: *kakāō
  - Latin: cacō; cacāre (see there for further descendants)
*kak(k)-eh₂
- Albanian:
  - Albanian: kakë
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kākā
  - Latvian: kaka
  - Lithuanian: kaka
  - Proto-Slavic: *kàka (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kakkā
  - Ancient Greek: κάκκη (kákkē)[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian: *kakka
    - Pashto: ککه (kaká)
    - Old Mazanderani: ککا (kakā, “sheep's excrement”)
    - Classical Persian: ککه (kaka), ککی (kakê)
      Iranian Persian: ککه (kake) (in Isfahani dialect ککه (keke))
      - → Arabic: ككة (kakka, “poo”) (in Hijazi dialect)
- Proto-Italic: *kakkā
  - Vulgar Latin: *cacca
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: քակոր (kʻakor)
    - Middle Armenian: քաք (kʻakʻ)
      - Armenian: քաք (kʻakʻ)
      - Armenian: քակոր (kʻakor)
- Proto-Celtic: *kakkā
  - Old Irish: cacc
    - Irish: cac
    - Scottish Gaelic: cac
  - Proto-Brythonic: *kax
    - Middle Breton: cauch
      - Breton: cac'h
    - Cornish: caugh
    - Welsh: cach

Synonyms

*gʷewh₁- (c.f. Proto-Slavic *govьno, Sanskrit गूथ (gūtha))

References

Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κακκάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 619
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κακκάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 619

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[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κακκάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 619

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κακκάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 619